Value matrix — all 250 vehicles
Published · Researched 2026-09-21
[
{
"model_slug": "acura-integra",
"model_name": "Acura Integra",
"price_usd": "34595",
"price_eur": "N/A - not sold in EU (Honda Integra in JP/CN)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "2023 ~$25-30k; 2024 ~$27-35k; 2025 Type S ~$48-53k",
"nearest_alternative": "Honda Civic Type R / VW Golf GTI/R",
"value_call": "Used 2025 undercuts new; best resale in class",
"used_price_by_year": "2021-2022: did not exist. 2023: ~$25-30k. 2024: ~$27-35k. 2025: ~$30-38k (Type S ~$48-53k). 2026: new $34.6-54.6k",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2023"
},
{
"model_slug": "acura-mdx",
"model_name": "Acura MDX",
"price_usd": "US: $51,800 base FWD - $75,850 Type S Advance (Sept 2026; Edmunds); Type S $77,400 w/ dest.",
"price_eur": "N/A (not sold)",
"price_cny": "N/A (not sold)",
"used_price_signal": "Edmunds Sept 2026: 2022 base/tech $28k-$42k; 2022 Type S $34k-$49k",
"nearest_alternative": "Lexus TX 350; BMW X5 xDrive40i; Genesis GV80; Honda Pilot (budget)",
"value_call": "2025 refresh-year used/CPO is the sweet spot; 2022 used is cheap but risky; new transacts below MSRP",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: UNVERIFIED (~$28k-$36k inferred) | 2022: $28k-$42k (Type S $34k-$49k) | 2023: UNVERIFIED (~$36k-$48k inferred) | 2024: UNVERIFIED | 2025: UNVERIFIED | 2026: new only $51.8k-$75.9k",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2022 (electrical gremlins + transfer-case/PTO failures)"
},
{
"model_slug": "acura-rdx",
"model_name": "Acura RDX",
"price_usd": "45100-54850 (plus destination)",
"price_eur": "Not sold in Europe",
"price_cny": "Previously sold via GAC Acura; brand exited China 2023 — no 2026 model",
"used_price_signal": "Average; 2025 refresh helps 2025+ values",
"nearest_alternative": "Lexus NX / Genesis GV70",
"value_call": "The sporty-handling luxury crossover pick — buy 2025+ for the touchscreen refresh; pre-2025 only at a discount that prices in the touchpad",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$26k-$31k; 2022: ~$28k-$34k; 2023: ~$30k-$36k; 2024: ~$33k-$40k; 2025: ~$38k-$47k; 2026: new only (US asking bands, Sept 2026; approximate, UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2021-2024 (touchpad era)"
},
{
"model_slug": "alfa-romeo-junior",
"model_name": "Alfa Romeo Junior",
"price_usd": "",
"price_eur": "39000",
"price_cny": "",
"used_price_signal": "Minimal used stock; depreciation should favour second owners vs ambitious list",
"nearest_alternative": "Kia EV3",
"value_call": "2025 at a proper discount to list; only if the badge is worth it to you",
"used_price_by_year": "2024: launch, minimal stock; 2025: €28-34k; 2026: €30-37k",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2024"
},
{
"model_slug": "alfa-romeo-tonale",
"model_name": "Alfa Romeo Tonale",
"price_usd": "US: yes (from 2023, Hornet twin); EU: yes; CN: not sold",
"price_eur": "33000-40000 (GBP new)",
"price_cny": "not sold",
"used_price_signal": "not sold",
"nearest_alternative": "UK used: 2022 £16-18k, 2023 £16-23k, 2024 £20-24k, 2025 £23-25k",
"value_call": "BMW X1, Volvo XC40, Mazda CX-5",
"used_price_by_year": "Sweet spot: 2023 1.5 MHEV used (~£16-23k), all recalls verified",
"sweet_spot_year": "2022: £16-18k; 2023: £16-23k; 2024: £20-24k; 2025: £23-25k; 2026: new £33k-40k",
"years_to_avoid": "2023"
},
{
"model_slug": "audi-a4",
"model_name": "Audi A4",
"price_usd": "~$43,000 (2025 final MY, UNVERIFIED)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "~one-third off MSRP by mid-2020s (market data)",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW 3 Series",
"value_call": "buy used 2021-2022 facelift with Garrett turbo deep in depreciation",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: UNVERIFIED; 2022: UNVERIFIED; 2023: UNVERIFIED; 2024: UNVERIFIED; 2025: UNVERIFIED; 2026: not sold",
"sweet_spot_year": "2021-2022",
"years_to_avoid": "2017-2020 (water pump + 2020 IHI turbo)"
},
{
"model_slug": "audi-a6",
"model_name": "Audi A6",
"price_usd": "~57900 (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_eur": "~58000+ (UNVERIFIED, C9)",
"price_cny": "~427900 (UNVERIFIED, A6L)",
"used_price_signal": "Heavy C8 depreciation; 2023-2024 cars best value; C9 new premium unjustified by data",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW 5 Series / Mercedes E-Class",
"value_call": "Buy used 2023-2024 C8 with full history; avoid new C9 until owner data exists",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: EUR 24-32k; 2022: EUR 27-36k; 2023: EUR 30-40k; 2024: EUR 34-45k; 2025: C8 EUR 36-48k; 2026: C9 new (bands UNVERIFIED estimates)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023-2024 C8 (facelift, mature software, depreciation done)",
"years_to_avoid": "2019-2021 (electronics nadir); 2025-2026 C9 (zero owner data)"
},
{
"model_slug": "audi-q4-e-tron",
"model_name": "Audi Q4 e-tron",
"price_usd": "~50000 (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_eur": "~46000 (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "~289900 (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "Weak on 2021-2023 (software reputation); 45/55 holding better but thin market",
"nearest_alternative": "Hyundai Ioniq 5 / Kia EV6 / VW ID.4 / Tesla Model Y",
"value_call": "Only 2024+ 45/55 with update history and reputation-reflecting price; else buy Korean",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: EUR 28-36k; 2022: EUR 30-38k; 2023: EUR 32-42k; 2024: EUR 36-48k; 2025-2026: new pricing (bands UNVERIFIED estimates)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024+ Q4 45/55 (revised drivetrain, faster charging)",
"years_to_avoid": "2021-2023 (software nadir, 12V/charging faults)"
},
{
"model_slug": "audi-q5",
"model_name": "Audi Q5",
"price_usd": "$52,800",
"price_eur": "~€55,000+ (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "~¥397,000 (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED - new gen too young",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW X3",
"value_call": "buy 2026 (buttons back + free maintenance) or late 2nd-gen 2024 used",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: UNVERIFIED; 2022: UNVERIFIED; 2023: UNVERIFIED; 2024: UNVERIFIED; 2025: UNVERIFIED; 2026: new from $52,800 US",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026",
"years_to_avoid": "2025 (first year new platform)"
},
{
"model_slug": "audi-q7",
"model_name": "Audi Q7",
"price_usd": "$72,745 (Premium 55 TFSI MSRP); street ~$66k with $6k customer credit",
"price_eur": "2027 gen from EUR 87,900 (Germany; 2026 outgoing similar band)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "CarGurus US Sep 2026: 2021 $26.4k avg / 2022 $30.5k / 2023 $37.0k / 2024 $36.5k / 2025 $46.9k",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW X5 40 xDrive; Mercedes GLE 450 4MATIC",
"value_call": "Buy used 2024 55 TFSI ~$36.5k; do not pay new-2026 money with the 429-hp 2027 gen in showrooms",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $26.4k avg (range $26.4-31.5k); 2022: $30.5k; 2023: $37.0k; 2024: $36.5k; 2025: $46.9k; 2026: new $66-79k street (EU/China UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2021 (virtual-cockpit recall; early 48V gremlins); 2025-2026 at near-new prices (outgoing body vs all-new 2027)"
},
{
"model_slug": "bmw-3-series",
"model_name": "BMW 3 Series",
"price_usd": "~46950 (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_eur": "40850 (aggregator)",
"price_cny": "~299900 (UNVERIFIED, 325Li/330Li)",
"used_price_signal": "Strong: G20 holds value well vs A4/C-Class; 2023+ facelift cars most wanted",
"nearest_alternative": "Audi A4 / Mercedes C-Class / Genesis G70",
"value_call": "Buy used 2023-2024 330i/M340i; new only with heavy 2026 run-out discount",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: EUR 28-36k; 2022: EUR 30-38k; 2023: EUR 32-40k; 2024: EUR 35-44k; 2025: EUR 39-48k; 2026: new ~EUR 40.9k (bands UNVERIFIED estimates)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023-2024 (LCI, sorted electronics, B58 proven)",
"years_to_avoid": "2021 (earliest iDrive 8, oldest chains); modified/tuned M340i examples"
},
{
"model_slug": "bmw-i4",
"model_name": "BMW i4",
"price_usd": "$57,900 eDrive40 (before destination)",
"price_eur": "€59,800",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "Steep: community consensus that used beats new; first owners absorb heavy losses; running costs: Efficient for class; M-model tires and options are the cost centers",
"nearest_alternative": "UNVERIFIED (not extracted in this cluster's evidence)",
"value_call": "Great car, mediocre new-car value; buy 1-3 years used with warranty",
"used_price_by_year": "US: 2022 ~$30-33k (21-90k mi, Sep 2026 listings); 2023-2025 UNVERIFIED; new 2026 $57.9k-70.7k MSRP",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2022, 2026"
},
{
"model_slug": "bmw-ix",
"model_name": "BMW iX",
"price_usd": "76325",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "KBB 2022 resale ~$33k (~47% depreciation in 3 yrs); dealer listings 2022 $30k-40k, 2023 ~$43k-45k",
"nearest_alternative": "Tesla Model X / Audi Q8 e-tron",
"value_call": "Buy used, never new — depreciation king; 2024 xDrive50 is the rational buy",
"used_price_by_year": "2022: $30k-40k; 2023: ~$43k-45k; 2024: UNVERIFIED; 2025+: new $76,325-112,675",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2022 (airbag/fire-batch/power-loss recalls); buying new"
},
{
"model_slug": "bmw-x3",
"model_name": "BMW X3",
"price_usd": "~50675 (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_eur": "~54000 (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "~349900 (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "G01 strong ('last of the good ones' premium emerging); G45 too new to call",
"nearest_alternative": "Mercedes GLC / Audi Q5 / Volvo XC60",
"value_call": "Buy used 2022-2023 G01; G45 only as 2026+ or lease",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: EUR 25-33k; 2022: EUR 28-36k; 2023: EUR 32-42k; 2024: G01 EUR 35-46k / G45 new; 2025-2026: new pricing (bands UNVERIFIED estimates)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2022-2023 G01 (mature platform, pre-G45 experiments)",
"years_to_avoid": "2025 G45 (first-year build/software defects, Feb-2025 brake recall window)"
},
{
"model_slug": "bmw-x5",
"model_name": "BMW X5",
"price_usd": "$68,300-$93,600 new (2026 US: sDrive40i-M60i)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED (not pulled from aggregators this pass)",
"nearest_alternative": "Mercedes GLE / Volvo XC90 / Genesis GV80",
"value_call": "Sweet spot is a used 2023 (last pre-LCI, sorted B58, depreciation banked); don't buy a new 2026 ahead of the ~2027 next-gen depreciation hit",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: UNVERIFIED; 2022: UNVERIFIED; 2023: UNVERIFIED; 2024: UNVERIFIED; 2025: UNVERIFIED; 2026: $68.3k-$93.6k new (US)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2019 (first G05 year); 2020 (first 45e year, Samsung battery fire recall); caution on 2024 50e (first-year new PHEV)"
},
{
"model_slug": "buick-enclave",
"model_name": "Buick Enclave",
"price_usd": "48395-61995 (2026, incl. $1995 DFC)",
"price_eur": "",
"price_cny": "",
"used_price_signal": "2025 one-year-old avg $41191; 2023 avg $33462",
"nearest_alternative": "Kia Telluride / Hyundai Palisade",
"value_call": "Buy late second-gen used; avoid first-year 2025 redesign at new prices",
"used_price_by_year": "2021:$30000-34000 est.; 2022:$32000-36000 est.; 2023:$33462 avg; 2024:$37000-41000 est.; 2025:$41191 avg; 2026: new $48395-61995",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2025 (first-year redesign)"
},
{
"model_slug": "buick-envision",
"model_name": "Buick Envision",
"price_usd": "$42,995–$52,695 (2026 incl $1,995 DFC; up ~13% YoY)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (not officially sold in EU)",
"price_cny": "¥139,900+ (Envision S, Jan 2026 dealer-discount pricing — not MSRP; Envision Plus ¥169,900+)",
"used_price_signal": "2021 ~$22,219; 2022 ~$24,049; 2023 ~$27,983; 2024 ~$26,704 (CarGurus Sept 2026)",
"nearest_alternative": "Mazda CX-50 / Honda CR-V Hybrid (resale + dealer network)",
"value_call": "Buy 2024 facelift used ~$26.5k (30in screen, post-recall population, ~$16k under new 2026); skip new 2026 — the 13% hike breaks the value case",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$22,219; 2022: ~$24,049; 2023: ~$27,983; 2024: ~$26,704; 2026: $42,995–$52,695 new",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2021 (airbag gateway + launch record); 2022 (fuel-pump-module recall population)"
},
{
"model_slug": "byd-atto-3",
"model_name": "BYD Atto 3",
"price_usd": "not sold in US",
"price_eur": "~38000 UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "~115000 UNVERIFIED (3rd-gen Yuan Plus, via thedriven.io)",
"used_price_signal": "AU: 2026 Evo repriced up (41990-46990 AUD); gen-1 used values softening with Evo arrival; AU used Sept 2026: 2022 Extended ~A$35-41k (thin), 2023 Standard ~A$28.9-36.9k / Extended ~A$30-38k, 2024 ~A$33-40k (sparse), 2025 Essential ~A$36.6k / Premium ~A$37-44.9k (near-new); PK owners cite 30-40% EV depreciation fears",
"nearest_alternative": "Geely EX5 / MG ZS EV / Kia EV3",
"value_call": "Still the rational buy in its class — running costs are tiny and the drivetrain is proven; buy the warranty, not the hype. Sweet spot: used 2025 MY (12V LFP fix); skip 2022–early-2023 builds; Evo = wait for owner data",
"used_price_by_year": "AU used Sept 2026: 2022 Extended ~A$35-41k (thin); 2023 Standard ~A$28.9-36.9k / Extended ~A$30-38k; 2024 ~A$33-40k (sparse); 2025 Essential ~A$36.6k / Premium ~A$37-44.9k (near-new)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2022 and early-2023 builds (recall range, lead-acid 12V, launch pricing); 2026 Evo = wait (no owner-mileage evidence)"
},
{
"model_slug": "byd-dolphin",
"model_name": "BYD Dolphin",
"price_usd": "n/a",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "UK used: 2024 Comfort GBP 15k-17.5k; 2025 Comfort GBP 17.2k-20.75k / Design GBP 20.2k-20.9k; 2026-reg Comfort GBP 23,499; new GBP 30,230-31,730 (~40% depreciation in 2 yrs)",
"nearest_alternative": "MG4 EV / VW ID.3 / Renault 5",
"value_call": "The rationalist's pick: buy a used 2024 Comfort (60.48 kWh) at GBP 15k-17.5k; never buy new at GBP 30k+",
"used_price_by_year": "2023: UNVERIFIED; 2024: GBP 15k-17.5k; 2025: GBP 17.2k-20.9k; 2026: new GBP 30,230-31,730 / used 2026-reg GBP 23,499",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2023 (Feb-Dec 2023 build window: CEPS steering recall unless documented done); buying new"
},
{
"model_slug": "byd-han",
"model_name": "BYD Han",
"price_usd": "n/a",
"price_eur": "RMB 179,800-235,800 (Han EV 2025); RMB 165,800-225,800 (Han DM); Han L EV RMB 219,800-279,800",
"price_cny": "EUR 72,000 (Germany pre-sale, Sept 2022; minimal sales)",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW i4 / Tesla Model 3 / Polestar 2",
"value_call": "Respect it, don't import it: no viable export buy; only sensible in China where supported",
"used_price_by_year": "All years: UNVERIFIED export used; China new per trims above",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2020-2021 launch builds; 2022 EU cars at fantasy pricing with orphan support; the export Han entirely unless local support is verified"
},
{
"model_slug": "byd-qin-l-dm-i",
"model_name": "BYD Qin L DM-i",
"price_usd": "",
"price_eur": "",
"price_cny": "92800-122800 (2026 refresh range)",
"used_price_signal": "No verified used data",
"nearest_alternative": "BYD Qin Plus DM-i / Geely Galaxy L6",
"value_call": "China buyers: huge efficiency-per-yuan; outside China: no official sale",
"used_price_by_year": "2021-2023: not sold; 2024: new RMB 99800-129800; 2025: new ~99800-129800; 2026: new 92800-122800",
"sweet_spot_year": "N/A (too new)",
"years_to_avoid": "2024 (first year)"
},
{
"model_slug": "byd-qin-plus-dm-i",
"model_name": "BYD Qin Plus DM-i",
"price_usd": "not sold in US",
"price_eur": "not sold in EU",
"price_cny": "79800-125800 (2026 model)",
"used_price_signal": "China used: 2022 cars trade cheap; confirm 2025 battery recall completed",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota Corolla Hybrid (China: where sold)",
"value_call": "Unbeatable new-car value in China; irrelevant everywhere else — and check the recall before buying used",
"used_price_by_year": "2026 new from ¥79,800 (210 km from ¥89,800); China used: 2022 cars trade cheap (exact bands UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026",
"years_to_avoid": "2021-2023 builds (Dec 2025 battery-recall cohort — verify service done); non-CN buyers: whole model (never exported)"
},
{
"model_slug": "byd-seagull",
"model_name": "BYD Seagull",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED (not sold in US; export pricing ~$20,000 Brazil / ~$21,100 Mexico)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (not sold in EU; repeatedly rumored ~€20,000 launch, tariffs unresolved)",
"price_cny": "69,800-85,800 yuan (2025 model)",
"used_price_signal": "Holds well in China: 30.08 kWh cars at 68-74% of MSRP after 2 yrs, 38.88 kWh at 76-81% (alibaba guide, Q2 2024 data, five high-volume regions)",
"nearest_alternative": "Dacia Spring (worse in every way except availability) / used VW e-Up or Citigo (proven, boring, no longer made)",
"value_call": "Absurd in China; cheapest credible EV in LatAm - budget for the suspension question and buy the 2025 facelift; Brazil buyers must verify front-suspension service history on used cars",
"used_price_by_year": "2023: UNVERIFIED; 2024: UNVERIFIED; 2025: 68-81% of MSRP at 2 yrs (alibaba Q2-2024 guide); 2026: UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2023 (first-year car, aging into the suspension-worry window; in Brazil verify front-suspension service history on any used Dolphin Mini)"
},
{
"model_slug": "byd-seal",
"model_name": "BYD Seal",
"price_usd": "not sold in US",
"price_eur": "~45000 UNVERIFIED (DE est.); GBP 45730-48730 (UK 2026)",
"price_cny": "175800-239800 UNVERIFIED (2025 range)",
"used_price_signal": "AU prices fell from 2023 launch (49888-68798 AUD) to 46990-61990 AUD — early buyers took the hit; AU used (Sept 2026): 2023 Dynamic ~A$42k, 2024 Premium ~A$48.5-50k, 2025 Premium ~A$54.9k/Performance ~A$56.9k; UK used 2024 Design £27,357 — depreciation bomb",
"nearest_alternative": "Tesla Model 3",
"value_call": "The value pick of the EV sedans if you can live with the dealer network — Performance AWD pace for Model 3 RWD money. Sweet spot: 2024 used — identical car to 2023/2025 exports at the deepest discount; skip 2023 launch-year cars",
"used_price_by_year": "AU used Sept 2026: 2023 Dynamic ~A$42k; 2024 Premium ~A$48.5-50k; 2025 Premium ~A$54.9k/Performance ~A$56.9k; UK used 2024 Design £27,357 (depreciation bomb)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2023 (launch-year export cars: highest prices, earliest software); don't pay premium for 2025 export (same old platform)"
},
{
"model_slug": "byd-sealion-7",
"model_name": "BYD Sealion 7",
"price_usd": "",
"price_eur": "58190-58990 (EU top trim); UK GBP 44990-57290",
"price_cny": "",
"used_price_signal": "No used market yet",
"nearest_alternative": "Tesla Model Y / Skoda Enyaq",
"value_call": "EU buyers: competitive new price; wait for service-network proof",
"used_price_by_year": "2021-2022: not sold; 2023: China only; 2024: China only; 2025: EU new GBP 44990-57290 / ~EUR 58190-58990 top; 2026: new only",
"sweet_spot_year": "N/A (too new)",
"years_to_avoid": "2023-2024 (pre-EU cars)"
},
{
"model_slug": "byd-song-l",
"model_name": "BYD Song L",
"price_usd": "",
"price_eur": "",
"price_cny": "189800-249800 (2025 list)",
"used_price_signal": "One used 2025 export listing at RMB 199800 (single data point)",
"nearest_alternative": "Tesla Model Y (China)",
"value_call": "China buyers: strong value new; export buyers: avoid grey imports",
"used_price_by_year": "2021-2022: not sold; 2023: launch, new only; 2024-2025: new 189800-249800; 2026: new 179800-239800 (discounted db)",
"sweet_spot_year": "N/A (too new)",
"years_to_avoid": "2023 (launch year)"
},
{
"model_slug": "byd-song-plus-dm-i",
"model_name": "BYD Song Plus DM-i",
"price_usd": "not sold in US",
"price_eur": "~42990 UNVERIFIED (as Seal U DM-i)",
"price_cny": "135800-175800 UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "AU Sealion 6 new at 48990-52990 AUD; no deep used market yet",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota RAV4 Hybrid / Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV",
"value_call": "PHEV for HEV money — the value call only works if you actually plug it in; otherwise buy the RAV4",
"used_price_by_year": "AU used (Sealion 6, Sept 2026): 2024 Dynamic ~A$38k (43k km); 2024 Premium AWD ~A$40k (9k km); 2025 Essential near-new, exact prices UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2021 (first-year DM-i, pre-facelift, oldest software, early fuel-system complaint cohort)"
},
{
"model_slug": "byd-tang",
"model_name": "BYD Tang",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED (not sold in US)",
"price_eur": "€72,000 (2022 German pre-sale launch price)",
"price_cny": "229,800-289,800 yuan (Tang L EV, China)",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED broadly; one datapoint: 2024 car advertised $34,500 with 28,000 km in Uzbekistan (Threads marketplace ad) - a datapoint, not a market",
"nearest_alternative": "Kia EV9 (the sane seven-seat EV buy) / used Tesla Model X (the brave buy)",
"value_call": "Only the 2024+ 108 kWh upgrade justifies flagship money, and only at a discount; the used market is where this car gets interesting - steep depreciation is the buyer's opportunity",
"used_price_by_year": "2021-2023: UNVERIFIED; 2024: one car $34,500/28,000 km (Uzbekistan ad, Threads); 2025-2026: UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2021-2022 (first export-year cars: 400 km WLTP, slow 7 kW AC, earliest software, overlap with brake-stopper recall population)"
},
{
"model_slug": "cadillac-ct5",
"model_name": "Cadillac CT5",
"price_usd": "48990 (Prem Lux 2026); 58390 (V); 96990 (Blackwing)",
"price_eur": "",
"price_cny": "",
"used_price_signal": "Steady depreciation; CarGurus avg 2021 $28177 vs ~$49600 MSRP",
"nearest_alternative": "Genesis G70 / BMW 3 Series",
"value_call": "Strong used value: buy 2024 off-lease over new",
"used_price_by_year": "2020:$26354; 2021:$28177; 2022:$33618; 2023:$36083; 2024:$38805; 2025:$44350 (CarGurus avg, Sept 2026)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2021 (recall exposure); caution 2025 (early electronics complaints)"
},
{
"model_slug": "cadillac-escalade",
"model_name": "Cadillac Escalade",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED base (2025 facelift ~$104.5k used; Escalade-V $170,895 for 2026)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (not officially sold; grey import only)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED (not officially sold; grey-market channels)",
"used_price_signal": "Used 2021 ~$55.7k → 2025 ~$104.5k (CarGurus Sept 2026)",
"nearest_alternative": "Lincoln Navigator (4.91/5 2023 owners, cheaper used) / GMC Yukon Denali",
"value_call": "Buy 2025 facelift used (built after the May 2024 defect-window cutoff); budget play: 2023 Duramax diesel ~$68k — the only 2021–2024 engine outside the federal probe",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$55,700; 2022: ~$61,100; 2023: ~$68,200; 2024: ~$79,000; 2025: ~$104,500 used; 2026: new (Escalade-V $170,895)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2021–2024 6.2L gas (L87 defect window; viscosity-change remedy); 2026 (EA26005 expansion unresolved)"
},
{
"model_slug": "cadillac-escalade-iq",
"model_name": "Cadillac Escalade IQ",
"price_usd": "$127,405–$154,100 (2026 incl dest; base $127,405 + $2,895 dest)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (not officially sold)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED (not officially sold)",
"used_price_signal": "2025 used avg ~$107,523 (CarGurus Sept 2026) vs $132,820 a year prior — ~$25k first-year drop",
"nearest_alternative": "2026 gas Escalade (owners traded back) / 2026 IQL if buying new",
"value_call": "Buy 2026 (second-year truck, IQL option); or discounted 2025 used ~$107k with all recalls verified + EV-component warranty — accept first-year failure population",
"used_price_by_year": "2025: ~$107,523 avg asking used; 2026: $127,405–$154,100 new",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026",
"years_to_avoid": "2025 (launch-year first-gen EV: HV battery failures, buybacks, build-quality stack)"
},
{
"model_slug": "cadillac-lyriq",
"model_name": "Cadillac Lyriq",
"price_usd": "$60,995–$85,590 (2026 incl $1,795 DFC; Lyriq-V $80,390–$85,590)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (sold in EU: CH/SE/FR/DE, AWD-only; 2026 price UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "¥379,700 (2023 price cut); Lyriq-V 2026 limited 124 units at ¥399,900 (SAIC-GM)",
"used_price_signal": "2023 ~$34,200; 2024 ~$39,049 (down from $43,770 a year ago); 2025 ~$46,500 (CarGurus Sept 2026)",
"nearest_alternative": "Tesla Model Y / Genesis Electrified GV70",
"value_call": "Buy 2025 used ~$46.5k (past the software storm, OTA fixes baked in); budget: 2023 ~$34k with all OTAs verified + pre-purchase inspection",
"used_price_by_year": "2023: ~$34,200; 2024: ~$39,049 (CarGurus avg); 2025: ~$46,500; 2026: $60,995–$85,590 new",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2023 (launch-year gremlins, 7 recalls); 2026 Lyriq-V (first-year halo at $80k+)"
},
{
"model_slug": "cadillac-optiq",
"model_name": "Cadillac Optiq",
"price_usd": "50900 (base 2026; $49995 + dest)",
"price_eur": "",
"price_cny": "",
"used_price_signal": "No used market yet; new-EV depreciation risk",
"nearest_alternative": "Tesla Model Y / Genesis GV60",
"value_call": "Wait: buy only with steep discount or proven software maturity",
"used_price_by_year": "2021-2024: not sold; 2025: launch year, no band; 2026: new only",
"sweet_spot_year": "N/A (too new)",
"years_to_avoid": "2025 (first year)"
},
{
"model_slug": "chery-omoda-5",
"model_name": "Chery Omoda 5",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED (not sold US)",
"price_eur": "25740 (GBP - UK SHS-H hybrid)",
"price_cny": "92900-126900 (2022 CN launch; UNVERIFIED current)",
"used_price_signal": "AU: 2023 EX ~A$25k-30k (carsales 2026 listings)",
"nearest_alternative": "MG ZS / Haval Jolion / BYD Atto 3 (EV)",
"value_call": "Best-equipped cheap crossover; buy 2024+ post-recall builds; always check VIN against recall list",
"used_price_by_year": "2023: ~A$25k-30k (AU); other years UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2022-2023"
},
{
"model_slug": "chery-tiggo-7",
"model_name": "Chery Tiggo 7",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED (not sold US)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (not sold EU)",
"price_cny": "74900-96900 (2025 Excellence); 107900-139900 (Plus); 129900-149900 (Plus PHEV)",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED",
"nearest_alternative": "Haval H6 / MG HS / used Toyota RAV4",
"value_call": "Strong family value where Chery has dealers; buy 2024+, hybrids from 2025; no grey imports",
"used_price_by_year": "UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2021-2022"
},
{
"model_slug": "chery-tiggo-8",
"model_name": "Chery Tiggo 8",
"price_usd": "",
"price_eur": "33500 (from GBP 28,545)",
"price_cny": "",
"used_price_signal": "UK: 2025 cars from ~GBP 24k UNVERIFIED",
"nearest_alternative": "Skoda Kodiaq / Hyundai Santa Fe",
"value_call": "7-seat value undermined by resale and DCT",
"used_price_by_year": "2025: new only; 2026: first used cars ~GBP 24k UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025-2026 (UK/EU, full warranty)",
"years_to_avoid": "2018-2020 (early China-era cars)"
},
{
"model_slug": "chevrolet-bolt-euv",
"model_name": "Chevrolet Bolt EUV",
"price_usd": "used ~$20400–21500 (US CarGurus Sep 2026); new 2027 Bolt $28995–32795 (US) / C$39999 (Canada)",
"price_eur": "not sold EU (used imports only)",
"price_cny": "not sold China",
"used_price_signal": "used 2023 avg $21354–21519 (CarGurus); 2022 avg $20391–20547; 34–38% good/great deals",
"nearest_alternative": "2027 Chevrolet Bolt; used Nissan Leaf",
"value_call": "USED 2023 EUV = best value in cluster; new 2027 Bolt only if you need fast charging + warranty",
"used_price_by_year": "2022: $20391–20547 avg; 2023: $21354–21519 avg; 2024–2025: UNVERIFIED; 2026: new 2027 Bolt $28995+",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2022"
},
{
"model_slug": "chevrolet-corvette",
"model_name": "Chevrolet Corvette C8",
"price_usd": "~68000",
"price_eur": "N/A",
"price_cny": "N/A",
"used_price_signal": "~$78,100 avg (2021-2025, CarGurus Sep 2026)",
"nearest_alternative": "Porsche 911 (used)",
"value_call": "2022-2024 Stingray Z51 2LT with warranty left",
"used_price_by_year": "2021:$65,900|2022:$69,400|2023:$79,000|2024:$85,000|2025:$93,000",
"sweet_spot_year": "2022",
"years_to_avoid": "2020; 2023-2026 Z06/ZR1 w/o shield fix"
},
{
"model_slug": "chevrolet-equinox",
"model_name": "Chevrolet Equinox",
"price_usd": "30795-37595",
"price_eur": "not sold (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "100000-170000 (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "2025s soft on CR news; 2024s the value play",
"nearest_alternative": "Honda CR-V",
"value_call": "2024 final third-gen; revisit 4th gen with 2027s",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $16k-20k; 2022: $18k-22k; 2023: $20k-24k; 2024: $23k-27k; 2025: $26k-31k; 2026: new $30,795-37,595 (bands UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2025"
},
{
"model_slug": "chevrolet-equinox-ev",
"model_name": "Chevrolet Equinox EV",
"price_usd": "36495",
"price_eur": "N/A",
"price_cny": "N/A",
"used_price_signal": "Used market described as 'a crazy bargain' (UNVERIFIED exact figures)",
"nearest_alternative": "Hyundai Ioniq 5",
"value_call": "Buy/lease cheap; used 2025 sweet spot; never pay sticker",
"used_price_by_year": "UNVERIFIED year-by-year",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2024 Launch Edition"
},
{
"model_slug": "chevrolet-silverado",
"model_name": "Chevrolet Silverado 1500",
"price_usd": "~38000",
"price_eur": "N/A",
"price_cny": "N/A",
"used_price_signal": "~$38,800 avg (2021-2025, CarGurus Sep 2026)",
"nearest_alternative": "Ford F-150 2.7L EcoBoost",
"value_call": "2025 2.7L TurboMax or LZ0 diesel; avoid 6.2L without recall paperwork",
"used_price_by_year": "2021:$31,795|2022:$35,285|2023:$39,221|2024:$43,252|2025:$45,804",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2021; 2021-2024 6.2L"
},
{
"model_slug": "chevrolet-tahoe",
"model_name": "Chevrolet Tahoe",
"price_usd": "~60000",
"price_eur": "N/A",
"price_cny": "N/A",
"used_price_signal": "~$49,700 avg (2021-2024, CarGurus Aug-Sep 2026)",
"nearest_alternative": "Ford Expedition",
"value_call": "2025 LZ0 diesel or 5.3L; outside recall window",
"used_price_by_year": "2021:$40,300|2022:$45,600|2023:$52,500|2024:$56,300",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2021; 2021-2024 6.2L"
},
{
"model_slug": "chevrolet-traverse",
"model_name": "Chevrolet Traverse",
"price_usd": "40800-57400",
"price_eur": "not sold (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "not sold (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "2024+ under pressure; V6 2022-2023 hold",
"nearest_alternative": "Kia Telluride",
"value_call": "2022/2023 V6 with records; avoid entire 2.5T era for now",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $24k-30k; 2022: $27k-33k; 2023: $30k-36k; 2024: $34k-42k; 2025: $37k-47k; 2026: new $40,800-57,400 (bands UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2024; 2025; 2026"
},
{
"model_slug": "chevrolet-trax",
"model_name": "Chevrolet Trax",
"price_usd": "21700-25400",
"price_eur": "not sold",
"price_cny": "Seeker line (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "2025 LS 25,500 mi at $17,500 (Facebook)",
"nearest_alternative": "Nissan Kicks",
"value_call": "2025 under warranty in high teens; never the 2024",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $12k-15k; 2022: $13k-16k; 2023: no US model; 2024: $17k-20k; 2025: $18k-21k ($17.5k observed); 2026: new $21,700-25,400 (bands UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2024"
},
{
"model_slug": "chrysler-pacifica",
"model_name": "Chrysler Pacifica",
"price_usd": "44445",
"price_eur": "N/A",
"price_cny": "N/A",
"used_price_signal": "2024 gas ~$30k used; leftover 2026 Hybrids $2.7-3.2k under MSRP",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota Sienna / Honda Odyssey / Kia Carnival",
"value_call": "2023-2024 gas; Limited trim the value pick",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$20k | 2022: ~$24k | 2023: ~$27k | 2024: ~$30k (UNVERIFIED interpolations)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2017-2018; 2020-2022 PHEV; any Hybrid with open 26V362"
},
{
"model_slug": "citroen-c3",
"model_name": "Citroen C3",
"price_usd": "Not sold in US",
"price_eur": "New FR: PureTech 100 from 14990 / Hybrid 110 from 21450 / e-C3 from 23900 (up to 28400); ~12990 with max incentives",
"price_cny": "Not sold in China",
"used_price_signal": "2024 PureTech 110, 6691 km: 16990 EUR (AutoUncle, Mar 2026); rest UNVERIFIED",
"nearest_alternative": "Dacia Spring (cheaper, cruder), Renault 5 (nicer, pricier)",
"value_call": "2025 e-C3: post-launch software fixes, LFP durability, full incentives. Hybrid 110 if no home charging. Late C3 III with fresh belt = honest cheap transport.",
"used_price_by_year": "Mostly UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2016-2020 C3 III PureTech (belt window); 2024 e-C3 launch cars (software-delay era); any PureTech without belt service"
},
{
"model_slug": "citroen-c4",
"model_name": "Citroen C4",
"price_usd": "",
"price_eur": "19000",
"price_cny": "",
"used_price_signal": "2024 ë-C4 54 kWh in high-teens € — strong comfort-per-euro",
"nearest_alternative": "Kia Niro EV",
"value_call": "Post-fix 2024 ë-C4 is a comfort bargain; verify OBC + NT2",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: €12-16k; 2022: €13-18k; 2023: €14-19k; 2024: €16-22k; 2025: €18-26k",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2021-2022 ë-C4 without OBC/recall proof"
},
{
"model_slug": "cupra-born",
"model_name": "Cupra Born",
"price_usd": "n/a (not sold)",
"price_eur": "~37000 (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "n/a (not sold)",
"used_price_signal": "2023-2024 cars good value; 2021-2022 discounted for software/battery history",
"nearest_alternative": "VW ID.3 / MG4 / Renault Megane E-Tech",
"value_call": "Buy 2023-2024 77 kWh e-Boost with battery-recall VIN check",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: EUR 20-26k; 2022: EUR 22-29k; 2023: EUR 24-32k; 2024: EUR 26-35k; 2025-2026: new ~EUR 37k (bands UNVERIFIED estimates)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023-2024 (mature software, past recall window)",
"years_to_avoid": "2021-2022 (software nadir, battery recall window)"
},
{
"model_slug": "cupra-formentor",
"model_name": "Cupra Formentor",
"price_usd": "not sold",
"price_eur": "€43,000–€48,000 (eHybrid V2/Tribe, IE listings 2026)",
"price_cny": "not sold",
"used_price_signal": "2021 1.5 TSI £15k–£18k / eHybrid £21k–£22k; 2024 1.5 TSI £22k–£22.5k; EU used €25k–€26.5k (2021–2024)",
"nearest_alternative": "Skoda Enyaq iV / VW Tiguan eHybrid",
"value_call": "2024 facelift eHybrid 204 — big battery + new software inside warranty",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: £15k–£18k (UK); 2022: £17.5k–£20k; 2023: £18k–£24.5k; 2024: £22k+; EU €25k–€26.5k 2021–2024",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2021 (launch software era); 2020"
},
{
"model_slug": "dacia-bigster",
"model_name": "Dacia Bigster",
"price_usd": "UK GBP 24,995-29,495 (launch); 2026 from GBP 25,215 (TCe 140) to ~GBP 30,400 (Hybrid 155 Extreme)",
"price_eur": "France 2026: EUR 29,990 (Hybrid 155 Expression) - 32,000 (Journey/Extreme); launch Jan 2025 from EUR 29,700",
"price_cny": "Not sold in China (UNVERIFIED; Dacia is Europe-only brand)",
"used_price_signal": "UK used Hybrids GBP 26k-28.7k (nearly-new 2025s); France nearly-new Hybrids EUR 29k-31k",
"nearest_alternative": "Renault Symbioz; MG ZS Hybrid+; Nissan Qashqai e-Power",
"value_call": "Hybrid 155 = the buy (economy + refinement justify premium); TCe 130 4x4 manual = lowest-risk pick",
"used_price_by_year": "2025: new UK GBP 24,995-29,495 / FR EUR 29,700+; 2026: new UK GBP 25,215-30,400 / FR EUR 29,990-32,000; US/CN: not sold",
"sweet_spot_year": "No sweet-spot year (too early — one model year)",
"years_to_avoid": "None established; monitor 2025 early-build Hybrids if 1.8 'Horse' engine complaints grow"
},
{
"model_slug": "dacia-duster",
"model_name": "Dacia Duster",
"price_usd": "not sold",
"price_eur": "20000-27000",
"price_cny": "not sold",
"used_price_signal": "UK used: gen2 £8k-14k (2021-23), gen3 £17.5k+ (2025)",
"nearest_alternative": "MG ZS, Suzuki Vitara, used Skoda Karoq",
"value_call": "Buy 2023 gen-2 (last sorted year) or 2025 gen-3; skip 2024 first-year build",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: £8k-12k; 2022: £10.5k-14k; 2023: £13k-14k; 2024: £17.5k+ (early used); 2025: ~£17.5k (12k mi); 2026: new from £19,695 / ~€20k FR Eco-G",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023 (gen2) / 2025 (gen3)",
"years_to_avoid": "2018-2020 (timing chain, DPF/EGR era), 2024 (first-year gen-3 teething)"
},
{
"model_slug": "dacia-sandero",
"model_name": "Dacia Sandero",
"price_usd": "not sold",
"price_eur": "14795-18000",
"price_cny": "not sold",
"used_price_signal": "UK used gen3: 2021 £7.8k, 2022 £8k-10k, 2023 £10.5k-12k, 2024 £12.7k-14k",
"nearest_alternative": "Citroen C3, Renault Clio, Skoda Fabia",
"value_call": "Sweet spot 2023 manual pre-facelift; skip 2021 launch recalls + CVT in any year",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: £7.8k; 2022: £8k-10k; 2023: £10.5k-12k; 2024: £12.7k-14k; 2025: ~£13k-14.5k; 2026: new from £14,795",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2021 (bonnet lock, fuel leak recalls), CVT any year, pre-2021 0.9 TCe without chain proof"
},
{
"model_slug": "dodge-charger",
"model_name": "Dodge Charger",
"price_usd": "51990",
"price_eur": "N/A",
"price_cny": "N/A",
"used_price_signal": "2024 Daytona EV: $85k+ MSRP sold for $38k (June 2026)",
"nearest_alternative": "Ford Mustang / used Chevrolet Camaro / Tesla Model 3 Performance",
"value_call": "Sixpack R/T new, or fire-sale used Daytona with warranty",
"used_price_by_year": "2024: ~$35-38k used (fire-sale) | 2025: ~$40k | 2026: ~$52k new (Sixpack) (UNVERIFIED interpolations)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026 (Sixpack; reliability UNVERIFIED)",
"years_to_avoid": "2024 Daytona launch cars; 2024-2025 with open software recalls"
},
{
"model_slug": "dodge-durango",
"model_name": "Dodge Durango",
"price_usd": "38995-79995 (2026)",
"price_eur": "",
"price_cny": "",
"used_price_signal": "Enthusiast demand supports V8 values; age discounts others",
"nearest_alternative": "Jeep Grand Cherokee L / Ford Explorer ST",
"value_call": "Buy used R/T or GT; Hellcat only if you accept the theater tax",
"used_price_by_year": "2021:$28000-40000 est.; 2022:$30000-44000 est.; 2023:$32000-48000 est.; 2024:$34000-55000 est.; 2025:$36000-65000 est.; 2026: new $38995-79995",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "No single bad year; avoid high-mile HEMI without lifter/cam service history"
},
{
"model_slug": "fiat-500",
"model_name": "Fiat 500",
"price_usd": "US: 500e only ($35.5k Armani); EU: full range; CN: not sold",
"price_eur": "17000-20000 (Ibrida EUR); 500e new ~$35.5k US",
"price_cny": "not sold",
"used_price_signal": "not sold",
"nearest_alternative": "500e UK used: 2021 £10k+, 2022 £10-13k, 2023 £13k+, 2025/26 £18-25k; ICE 2023-24 £9.7-9.9k",
"value_call": "Mini Electric, Honda e, Renault Zoe",
"used_price_by_year": "Sweet spot: 2022 500e 42kWh used (~£10-13k); ICE: 2023 1.0 MHEV; wait on Ibrida",
"sweet_spot_year": "2021: £10k+ (used now); 2022: £10-13k; 2023: £13k+; 2024: ~£14-18k; 2025/26: £18-25k; ICE 2023: ~£9.7k; 2024: ~£9.9k",
"years_to_avoid": "2022 (500e 42kWh)"
},
{
"model_slug": "fiat-grande-panda",
"model_name": "Fiat Grande Panda",
"price_usd": "",
"price_eur": "24900",
"price_cny": "",
"used_price_signal": "Thin used market; 2025 cars below 2026 stock pricing",
"nearest_alternative": "Citroen e-C3",
"value_call": "2025 car with all software TSBs applied; cross-shop e-C3 on dealer quality",
"used_price_by_year": "2024: launch, minimal stock; 2025: €16-21k; 2026: €17-23k",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2024"
},
{
"model_slug": "ford-bronco",
"model_name": "Ford Bronco",
"price_usd": "New 2026 from low-$40ks (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_eur": "Not sold in EU",
"price_cny": "Sold in China (Jiangling-Ford, 2024+) — CNY price UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "CarGurus avg Sept 2026: 2021 $36,921; 2022 $37,821; 2023 $41,821; 2024 $45,410; 2025 $47,869 (all falling YoY)",
"nearest_alternative": "Jeep Wrangler",
"value_call": "2023: past valves/roof, top expert ratings, ~$41.8k — $6k under a 2025 for the same truck; 2.3L is the smart-money engine",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$36.9k avg; 2022: ~$37.8k avg; 2023: ~$41.8k avg; 2024: ~$45.4k avg; 2025: ~$47.9k avg",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2021 (valves, roof, fuel pump, 20 recalls); early-build 2022 (valve/roof VIN check)"
},
{
"model_slug": "ford-bronco-sport",
"model_name": "Ford Bronco Sport",
"price_usd": "31845-40265",
"price_eur": "not sold (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "not sold (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "2021s discounted on RDU history",
"nearest_alternative": "Subaru Forester Wilderness",
"value_call": "2023: charm without differential drama",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $18k-22k; 2022: $21k-25k; 2023: $24k-28k; 2024: $26k-30k; 2025: $29k-35k; 2026: new $31,845-40,265 (bands UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2021"
},
{
"model_slug": "ford-escape",
"model_name": "Ford Escape",
"price_usd": "30350",
"price_eur": "Kuga from ~40000 (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "not sold (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "Late hybrids hold best; early 8F35 cars discounted",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota RAV4 Hybrid",
"value_call": "2024 hybrid with recalls done at discontinuation discount",
"used_price_by_year": "2020: $15k-18k; 2021: $16k-19k; 2022: $18k-21k; 2023: $20k-24k; 2024: $22k-26k; 2025: $24k-28k (all UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2020; 2021"
},
{
"model_slug": "ford-expedition",
"model_name": "Ford Expedition",
"price_usd": "62400-84000",
"price_eur": "not sold (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "not sold (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "Sorted 2023s hold; rattle-audible trucks discounted",
"nearest_alternative": "Chevrolet Tahoe",
"value_call": "2023 with phaser/transmission service history; cold-start test mandatory",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $32k-40k; 2022: $36k-46k; 2023: $42k-52k; 2024: $48k-60k; 2025: $62k-82k; 2026: new $62.4k-84k (bands UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2018; 2019; 2020"
},
{
"model_slug": "ford-explorer",
"model_name": "Ford Explorer",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED (2026 pricing not captured; expect ~$40k-$65k range — do not quote)",
"price_eur": "Not sold in EU (Europe gets the separate MEB-based Explorer EV)",
"price_cny": "Sold by Changan Ford — pricing UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "2024 holds value best (flat YoY ~$34.7k); 2021s discount hard on recall history; CarGurus: 2023 and 2025 prices coming down — good time to shop recent years",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota Highlander, Honda Pilot, Hyundai Palisade, Kia Telluride",
"value_call": "Buy the 2024: last pre-facelift, quietest year, flat pricing; the 2025 facelift costs ~$6k more mid-teething",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$23,961; 2022: ~$28,021; 2023: ~$31,931; 2024: ~$34,757; 2025: ~$40,513; 2026: new, UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2021"
},
{
"model_slug": "ford-f-150",
"model_name": "Ford F-150",
"price_usd": "from $40,085 (XL); XLT $48,490",
"price_eur": "not sold in EU (grey import only)",
"price_cny": "not sold in CN",
"used_price_signal": "2013–14 5.0Ls cult; 10-speed-era trucks discounted by transmission fear",
"nearest_alternative": "Ram 1500 / Chevy Silverado 1500",
"value_call": "5.0L V8 XLT is the safe play; budget an extended warranty if you buy a 2018–2022 10-speed",
"used_price_by_year": "2021 ~$28-38k; 2022 ~$32-43k; 2023 ~$36-48k; 2024 ~$40-52k; 2025 ~$45-58k (CarGurus avgs); 2026 new $40-114k MSRP",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2021-2022 (pre-revision 10R80 CDF-drum era; 2022 had 23 recalls); 2025 (IPC recall + decontenting)"
},
{
"model_slug": "ford-f-150-lightning",
"model_name": "Ford F-150 Lightning",
"price_usd": "74558 avg new 2025 (CarEdge); 2026 UNVERIFIED — Ford EV strategy in flux",
"price_eur": "Not sold in Europe in meaningful volume",
"price_cny": "Not sold in China in meaningful volume",
"used_price_signal": "Even 2024s sit $20k-$30k under MSRP; 2022s up to 50% under MSRP; the ~50%-in-2.5yrs depreciation is the buyer's discount",
"nearest_alternative": "Chevrolet Silverado EV, Rivian R1T, GMC Sierra EV, gas F-150",
"value_call": "Buy the 2024: heat-pump year, post-teething, CarGurus buy window 2024-2025; used Platinum at ~50% off is the enthusiast play",
"used_price_by_year": "2022: ~$37,095 (CarEdge) / $42,366 (CarGurus); 2023: ~$39,087 / $45,895; 2024: ~$48,571; 2025: ~$54,305 used; 2026: UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2022; 2023"
},
{
"model_slug": "ford-maverick",
"model_name": "Ford Maverick",
"price_usd": "New 2026: XL from high-$20ks (UNVERIFIED); Lobo listings $34-36.5k",
"price_eur": "Not sold in EU",
"price_cny": "Not sold in China",
"used_price_signal": "Listing signals: 2022 ~$20.9-21.4k; 2023 ~$23.2-25.8k; 2024 ~$28.8-29.5k; 2025 ~$30.3k (XLT AWD)",
"nearest_alternative": "Hyundai Santa Cruz (only direct rival)",
"value_call": "Used 2025: refresh, hybrid AWD, redesigned electrics — the fixed truck; verify recall stack on any 2022-2024",
"used_price_by_year": "2022: ~$21k; 2023: ~$24k; 2024: ~$29k; 2025: ~$30k (listings); 2026: ~$28k+ XL new / $34k+ Lobo",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2022-2023 hybrids (fire-recall stack)"
},
{
"model_slug": "ford-mustang",
"model_name": "Ford Mustang",
"price_usd": "32320-69075 (2026 MSRP excl. destination; Dark Horse SC ~$170k rumored UNVERIFIED)",
"price_eur": "Sold in Europe (V8 GT, RHD UK) at import premium — exact pricing UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "2.3L historically sold; current pricing UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "S550s hold as enthusiast pick (~$33k); S650s depreciate on recall overhang; near-MSRP transactions with 2025 deals as 2026s arrive",
"nearest_alternative": "Dodge Challenger (discontinued), Chevy Camaro (discontinued), BMW 2/4 Series, Toyota GR86/BRZ",
"value_call": "Buy the 2023: final sorted S550 at ~$33k with 5/5 owner rating; the 2024 costs more and brings 12 recalls",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$30-33k (UNVERIFIED range); 2022: ~$34,234; 2023: ~$33,131; 2024: ~$38,493; 2025: ~$44,135; 2026: new $32,320-$69,075",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2024"
},
{
"model_slug": "ford-mustang-mach-e",
"model_name": "Ford Mustang Mach-E",
"price_usd": "37795-53395",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "not sold in CN",
"used_price_signal": "Soft used market — strong buyer leverage on 2021-2023 cars",
"nearest_alternative": "Tesla Model Y RWD",
"value_call": "Undercuts the Model Y on price and looks; buy used, let the first owner eat depreciation; sweet-spot year is 2023 (post-HVBJB fix), skip 2021",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$22k-$26k; 2022: ~$25k-$28.5k; 2023: ~$29k-$33k; 2024: ~$30k-$35k; 2025+: UNVERIFIED (CarGurus mid-2026 averages)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2021"
},
{
"model_slug": "ford-ranger",
"model_name": "Ford Ranger",
"price_usd": "33550-57665",
"price_eur": "from ~45000 (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "not sold (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "Raptor holds; 2024 volume trims soft",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota Tacoma",
"value_call": "2023 old-platform, or 2026 2.7TT with campaigns complete",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $22k-28k; 2022: $24k-30k; 2023: $28k-34k; 2024: $32k-42k; 2025: $33k-45k; 2026: new $33,550-57,665 (bands UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2024; 2025"
},
{
"model_slug": "gac-aion-y",
"model_name": "GAC Aion Y",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED (not sold US)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (not sold EU)",
"price_cny": "99800",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED",
"nearest_alternative": "BYD Atto 3 / BYD Dolphin",
"value_call": "China/SEA only: huge space per yuan; buy 2023 Y Plus; 2026 battery-batch question open",
"used_price_by_year": "UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2026 (caution — battery batch UNVERIFIED)"
},
{
"model_slug": "geely-coolray",
"model_name": "Geely Coolray",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED (not sold US)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (not sold EU)",
"price_cny": "75800 (UNVERIFIED current CN)",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED",
"nearest_alternative": "Proton X50 / Chery Omoda 5 / used Honda HR-V",
"value_call": "Fun-per-dollar small crossover; buy 2023+ facelift era; refuse RU launch pricing (2.9M rub)",
"used_price_by_year": "UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2019-2020"
},
{
"model_slug": "geely-ex5",
"model_name": "Geely EX5",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED (not sold US)",
"price_eur": "31990 (GBP - UK)",
"price_cny": "107800-179800 (Galaxy E5)",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED (no used market yet)",
"nearest_alternative": "BYD Atto 3 / MG4 / used Tesla Model Y",
"value_call": "Hardware-ready EV with software fixed via OTA; buy 2025 export cars; watch for 68 kWh variant",
"used_price_by_year": "UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2024 (China first-year - mild caution)"
},
{
"model_slug": "geely-monjaro",
"model_name": "Geely Monjaro",
"price_usd": "",
"price_eur": "",
"price_cny": "137200-185200 (China Xingyue L; UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED (thin used market)",
"nearest_alternative": "Hyundai Santa Fe / Toyota RAV4",
"value_call": "Big refined SUV for mid-trim RAV4 money in Gulf/Russia",
"used_price_by_year": "2021-23: thin market UNVERIFIED; 2024-26: new SAR 129k-145k (Gulf)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024-2026 (export 2.0T 8AT)",
"years_to_avoid": "None documented (no year-specific issues)"
},
{
"model_slug": "genesis-g80",
"model_name": "Genesis G80",
"price_usd": "$58,450 - $79,350",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (est €58k-75k)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED (est ~¥360k-460k)",
"used_price_signal": "est: steep depreciation = used bargains",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW 5 Series; Lexus ES",
"value_call": "used luxury bargain; verify fuel-pump recalls",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$33-38k; 2022: ~$35-41k; 2023: ~$38-45k; 2024: ~$42-50k; 2025: ~$48-56k; 2026: new",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2021-22 (fuel-system recall load)"
},
{
"model_slug": "genesis-gv70",
"model_name": "Genesis GV70",
"price_usd": "US: $47,985 + $1,450 freight (2.5T AWD); Select $50,885; Advanced $55,435; Sport Prestige $58,795; 3.5T Sport Adv. $64,415 (Sept 2026)",
"price_eur": "Sold in EU (UK/EU pricing UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "Sold in China in small volumes (pricing UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED (no listing data gathered; FB data point: 2025 9k-mi Sport Prestige $49k vs $71k MSRP)",
"nearest_alternative": "Acura RDX; BMW X3; Mercedes GLC; Audi Q5",
"value_call": "New: undercuts Germans, ~9% discounts on new; used: brutal depreciation favors buyers - 2025 is the sweet spot",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: N/A (US debut 2022) | 2022: UNVERIFIED | 2023: UNVERIFIED | 2024: UNVERIFIED | 2025: UNVERIFIED (9k-mi example $49k) | 2026: new $47,985-$64,415 + freight",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2022 (transfer-case failures x2, lemon buybacks, $99/yr connected fees); caution 2026 (first-year electronics stack)"
},
{
"model_slug": "genesis-gv80",
"model_name": "Genesis GV80",
"price_usd": "57700-83250 (US 2026)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (limited EU)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED; luxury SUV depreciation >55 percent over 5 yrs",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW X5 / Mercedes GLE / Lexus RX / Volvo XC90",
"value_call": "Used 2023-2024 2.5T Prestige: depreciation done",
"used_price_by_year": " warranty math intact",
"sweet_spot_year": "UNVERIFIED",
"years_to_avoid": "2023"
},
{
"model_slug": "gmc-hummer-ev",
"model_name": "GMC Hummer EV",
"price_usd": "99095-107195+",
"price_eur": "not sold (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "not sold (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "2024 avg $75,813; EV2X $73,497; EV3X $78,913 (EVEnergyHub)",
"nearest_alternative": "Rivian R1T",
"value_call": "Used 2024 2X at ~$74k: spectacle at Cayenne money, warranty intact",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: no customer cars; 2022: $85k-100k (UNVERIFIED); 2023: $78k-92k (UNVERIFIED); 2024: avg $75,813; 2025: $70k-80k (UNVERIFIED); 2026: new $99,095-107,195+ (bands UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024 (used)",
"years_to_avoid": "2022"
},
{
"model_slug": "gmc-sierra",
"model_name": "GMC Sierra 1500",
"price_usd": "~38000",
"price_eur": "N/A",
"price_cny": "N/A",
"used_price_signal": "~$44,500 avg (2021-2025, CarGurus Sep 2026)",
"nearest_alternative": "Chevrolet Silverado 1500",
"value_call": "2025 LZ0 diesel or 5.3L; Denali premium only if interior matters",
"used_price_by_year": "2021:$35,400|2022:$42,600|2023:$45,700|2024:$48,900|2025:$50,800",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2021; 2021-2024 6.2L"
},
{
"model_slug": "gmc-yukon",
"model_name": "GMC Yukon",
"price_usd": "~70000",
"price_eur": "N/A",
"price_cny": "N/A",
"used_price_signal": "~$57,600 avg (2021-2025, CarGurus Sep 2026)",
"nearest_alternative": "Chevrolet Tahoe",
"value_call": "2025 Elevation LZ0 diesel = value play; Denali Ultimate if budget allows",
"used_price_by_year": "2021:$42,800|2022:$48,000|2023:$57,100|2024:$64,000|2025:$74,900",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2021; 2021-2024 6.2L; picky on 2023"
},
{
"model_slug": "gwm-haval-h6",
"model_name": "GWM Haval H6",
"price_usd": "n/a (not sold in US)",
"price_eur": "n/a (not sold UK/EU)",
"price_cny": "¥117,900–143,900 (4th gen); 2026 Classic from ¥121,900",
"used_price_signal": "2023 GT Ultra A$28.8–31k (verified listings)",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota RAV4 Hybrid; Kia Sportage Hybrid; BYD Sealion 6",
"value_call": "Buy hybrid/PHEV; late-2025+ builds with retuned suspension",
"used_price_by_year": "2023 GT Ultra: A$28.8–31k (verified); earlier years UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2021–2022"
},
{
"model_slug": "gwm-tank-300",
"model_name": "GWM Tank 300",
"price_usd": "",
"price_eur": "",
"price_cny": "175800 (2020 launch; current UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "AU: 2022-23 petrol from ~A$32k UNVERIFIED",
"nearest_alternative": "Suzuki Jimny / Jeep Wrangler",
"value_call": "Half a Wrangler for the money; diesel for tourers",
"used_price_by_year": "2022-23 petrol: ~A$32-42k; 2023-24: ~A$38-48k; 2025-26: diesel new A$46k+ (UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024-2026 (diesel/hybrid, export spec)",
"years_to_avoid": "2021-2022 (early China-market imports)"
},
{
"model_slug": "honda-accord-hybrid",
"model_name": "Honda Accord Hybrid",
"price_usd": "$34,990-$40,690 (2026 incl. dest)",
"price_eur": "Not sold in EU",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "CarGurus avg Sep 2026: 2021 $23,083; 2022 $24,724; 2023 $27,380; 2024 $28,721; 2025 $31,421",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota Camry Hybrid; Hyundai Sonata Hybrid",
"value_call": "Buy a 2024 (verify 25V785 software fix by VIN); skip 2023 first-year; skip 2026 at sticker",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$23,083 avg; 2022: ~$24,724 avg; 2023: ~$27,380 avg; 2024: ~$28,721 avg; 2025: ~$31,421 avg; 2026: $34,990-$40,690 new",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2023 (first-year + recall window); 2026 at full sticker"
},
{
"model_slug": "honda-civic",
"model_name": "Honda Civic",
"price_usd": "from $24,695 (LX sedan)",
"price_eur": "~€33,000–€36,000 (Civic e:HEV; UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "~¥130,000–¥160,000 (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "strong resale; Si/manuals hold best; used bands (CarEdge): 2021 ~$15–20k, 2022 ~$20–24k, 2023 ~$22–26k, 2024 ~$22–26k, 2025 ~$25–29k",
"nearest_alternative": "Mazda 3 2.5 S",
"value_call": "The 2.0 Sport at $26,695 is the sweet spot; hybrid worth it for high-mile drivers. Used sweet spot: 2024 (pre-facelift pricing, steering-recall remedy available). Skip 2021 1.5T and any 2022–2025 without steering-recall (24V-744) paperwork.",
"used_price_by_year": "2021 ~$15-20k; 2022 ~$20-24k; 2023 ~$22-26k; 2024 ~$22-26k; 2025 ~$25-29k; 2026 new ~$25-33k",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2021 1.5T (oil dilution); early-build 2022; any 2022-2025 w/o steering-recall paperwork"
},
{
"model_slug": "honda-civic-hybrid",
"model_name": "Honda Civic Hybrid",
"price_usd": "$29,395–$33,595 (KBB $30,590 incl dest)",
"price_eur": "~€41,000 (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "Fair Purchase $490–690 under MSRP; CarGurus avg ~$30,742 | Could not verify current availability/pricing",
"nearest_alternative": "UNVERIFIED (not extracted in this cluster's evidence)",
"value_call": "Sport Touring hatch is the enthusiast value play; 50 mpg + 6.5s 0-60 at $29k base",
"used_price_by_year": "2021–2024 N/A (no hybrid offered); 2025 ~$28.6–28.7k avg; 2026 new (~$30.6k avg listings incl. new) — CarGurus US Sept 2026",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026 (identical car to 2025; first-year recalls known and fixed)",
"years_to_avoid": "2025 unless all recalls verified (phantom-braking ADAS, steering 24V744, fuel pump 24V763)"
},
{
"model_slug": "honda-cr-v-hybrid",
"model_name": "Honda CR-V Hybrid",
"price_usd": "$35,630–$42,550 (+$1,450 dest)",
"price_eur": "~€43,990 Elegance 2WD (DE listings)",
"price_cny": "¥199,900–249,900 (指导价)",
"used_price_signal": "FB owner: $41,980 OTD 2026 Sport-L via Costco program | 2026 official ¥40k cut; street <¥160k — heavy discounting",
"nearest_alternative": "UNVERIFIED (not extracted in this cluster's evidence)",
"value_call": "China discounts make it the cheapest relative buy; US pricing flat vs RAV4",
"used_price_by_year": "2021 ~$26.4k; 2022 ~$28.3k; 2023 ~$31.1k; 2024 ~$33.4k; 2025 ~$35.6k; 2026 new — CarGurus US Jul–Sept 2026",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024 (year-2 gen 6; all major recalls identified w/ free fixes; ~$2k under 2025)",
"years_to_avoid": "2023 (first-year gen 6; steering 24V744 + fuel pump 24V763 + HV battery recall populations)"
},
{
"model_slug": "honda-hr-v",
"model_name": "Honda HR-V",
"price_usd": "26200",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (sold as hybrid)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED (sold)",
"used_price_signal": "Soft depreciation; AWD adds ~$1.5k; buy on condition",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota Corolla Cross / Hyundai Kona",
"value_call": "2024 onward is the pragmatic used buy; buy on condition, check glass campaign on 2023s",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $16k-21k; 2022: $17k-23k; 2023: $21k-26k; 2024: $23k-28k; 2025: $25k-29k (all est. US)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "none hard"
},
{
"model_slug": "honda-odyssey",
"model_name": "Honda Odyssey",
"price_usd": "42795",
"price_eur": "not officially sold",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED (sold)",
"used_price_signal": "Steady minivan depreciation; Elite/Touring trims drop fastest",
"nearest_alternative": "Kia Carnival / Toyota Sienna (hybrid)",
"value_call": "2024 is the calm-year sweet spot; skip 2021 for electronics",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $28k-36k; 2022: $30k-38k; 2023: $33k-41k; 2024: $36k-44k; 2025: $39k-47k (all est. US)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2021 (electronics)"
},
{
"model_slug": "honda-pilot",
"model_name": "Honda Pilot",
"price_usd": "42195-54995 + $1495 dest (2026)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (Canada sells; pricing UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "not sold in China",
"used_price_signal": "2024 Touring $25500 ad (Miami); Sport $25995 ad; salvage EX-L $21480",
"nearest_alternative": "Hyundai Palisade / Kia Telluride / Toyota Grand Highlander Hybrid",
"value_call": "Used 2024-2025 best value; 2026 for tech at a price premium",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: UNVERIFIED; 2022: UNVERIFIED; 2023: UNVERIFIED; 2024: $25500-56995 ads; 2025: UNVERIFIED; 2026: $42195-54995 + dest",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024-2026",
"years_to_avoid": "2023"
},
{
"model_slug": "honda-prologue",
"model_name": "Honda Prologue",
"price_usd": "~47400 base (2024 MSRP; nobody paid it)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (not sold in EU)",
"price_cny": "not sold in China",
"used_price_signal": "~$20k off MSRP incentives; $375/mo 3-yr lease (2025 owner)",
"nearest_alternative": "Chevy Equinox EV / Hyundai Ioniq 5 / Tesla Model Y",
"value_call": "2025 discounted or 2026 closeout only; lease not buy",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: n/a; 2022: n/a; 2023: n/a; 2024: skip at full price; 2025: discounted sweet spot; 2026: closeout",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025; 2026 closeout",
"years_to_avoid": "2024 (launch batch)"
},
{
"model_slug": "honda-ridgeline",
"model_name": "Honda Ridgeline",
"price_usd": "~40600 (band; 40595-40795 conflict UNVERIFIED)",
"price_eur": "not officially sold",
"price_cny": "not officially sold",
"used_price_signal": "2026 production pause may firm used values; RTL/Black Edition add $3-6k",
"nearest_alternative": "Ford Ranger / Toyota Tacoma",
"value_call": "2023-2024 is the calm-window buy; the pause makes supply the risk, not reliability",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $26k-34k; 2022: $28k-36k; 2023: $31k-39k; 2024: $35k-43k; 2025: $38k-46k (all est. US)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023-2024",
"years_to_avoid": "none hard"
},
{
"model_slug": "hongqi-e-hs9",
"model_name": "Hongqi E-HS9",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED (not sold US)",
"price_eur": "80000",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED (China price n/a)",
"used_price_signal": "Distressed (2021 70k km at ~$18",
"nearest_alternative": "800 export)",
"value_call": "Used BMW iX / used Tesla Model X",
"used_price_by_year": "Luxury orphan: only at half list or less; buy 2024; skip 2021-22",
"sweet_spot_year": "UNVERIFIED",
"years_to_avoid": "2024"
},
{
"model_slug": "hyundai-elantra",
"model_name": "Hyundai Elantra",
"price_usd": "from ~$23,000 (SE); SEL Sport $23,605",
"price_eur": "not sold (EU)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED (est ~¥100k-150k)",
"used_price_signal": "CarGurus Sep 2026: 2022 avg $17,179; 2023 avg $19,265; 2025 avg $21,331",
"nearest_alternative": "Honda Civic; Mazda3",
"value_call": "strong buy used (2024-25); N is the enthusiast pick",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$14-17k; 2022: ~$15-18k; 2023: ~$17-20k; 2024: ~$18-22k; 2025: ~$19-23k; 2026: new",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2020 (prev gen); 2022 (13 recalls)"
},
{
"model_slug": "hyundai-ioniq-5",
"model_name": "Hyundai Ioniq 5",
"price_usd": "36600-47875",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "not sold in CN",
"used_price_signal": "Lease returns + $8750 incentives make 2022-2024 cars strong used value",
"nearest_alternative": "Tesla Model Y LR AWD",
"value_call": "2026 price cuts make it the segment's value king new; used 2023-24 also compelling",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: US not sold (EU listings ~27k-35k EUR); 2022: ~$20k-$28k; 2023: ~$24k-$32k; 2024: ~$26k-$34k; 2025: ~$35k-$45k UNVERIFIED (thin early used supply); 2026: new only (US price cuts from ~$36,600)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2022"
},
{
"model_slug": "hyundai-ioniq-6",
"model_name": "Hyundai Ioniq 6",
"price_usd": "37850-51100 (US 2025 trims; 2026 US status UNVERIFIED)",
"price_eur": "45550 (DE 2026 facelift)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED / not officially sold in China",
"used_price_signal": "2023 LR AWD 73k km EUR 41999 (Austria listing Sep 2026); broader bands UNVERIFIED",
"nearest_alternative": "Tesla Model 3 / BMW i4 / Polestar 2",
"value_call": "Used 2024-2025 LR RWD with documented ICCU hardware replacement; facelift too new to value",
"used_price_by_year": "UNVERIFIED (single datapoint: 2023 LR AWD EUR 41999)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2023 / 2026"
},
{
"model_slug": "hyundai-ioniq-9",
"model_name": "Hyundai Ioniq 9",
"price_usd": "$58,955 - $74,990",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (est £65k-75k)",
"price_cny": "not sold (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "no used market yet (launched 2026 MY)",
"nearest_alternative": "Kia EV9; Tesla Model Y",
"value_call": "wait for used market, or buy the EV9 now",
"used_price_by_year": "2021-2025: not on sale; 2026: new only",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026",
"years_to_avoid": "n/a"
},
{
"model_slug": "hyundai-kona",
"model_name": "Hyundai Kona",
"price_usd": "$27.5k–41k new (2026 US)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (sold in EU/UK; pricing unconfirmed)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED (Beijing Hyundai; limited volume)",
"used_price_signal": "Gen-1 gas cheap used; 2020–21 EV with replaced pack = best used value",
"nearest_alternative": "Kia Niro (hybrid/EV); Toyota Corolla Cross Hybrid; used Chevy Bolt EUV",
"value_call": "2025 gas 2.0L or EV LR for new; 2025 used sweet spot; 2020–21 EV with new pack for bargain hunters",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: UNVERIFIED; 2022: UNVERIFIED; 2023: UNVERIFIED; 2024: UNVERIFIED; 2025: UNVERIFIED; 2026: new ~$27.5k–41k",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2019–2020 EV; 2024"
},
{
"model_slug": "hyundai-palisade",
"model_name": "Hyundai Palisade",
"price_usd": "38935-58280 (US 2026 incl hybrid; +1495 destination)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (AU: AUD 66800-90000 for 2025 gen)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED / not sold in China",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED bands; 2023-2025 hold value well directionally",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota Grand Highlander Hybrid / Honda Pilot / Kia Telluride",
"value_call": "Used 2023-2025 gen 1 = the buy; 2026 hybrid for early adopters with warranty cover",
"used_price_by_year": "UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2020 / 2021"
},
{
"model_slug": "hyundai-santa-fe",
"model_name": "Hyundai Santa Fe",
"price_usd": "$36.5k–51k new (2026)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (sold in EU; ~€55k+ est)",
"price_cny": "Not sold (grey import only — UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "KBB listings: 2021 from $12.2k, 2023 Limited ~$21–25k fair value, 2024 from $21.4k",
"nearest_alternative": "Kia Sorento",
"value_call": "2026 gas (new 8AT) for new buyers; 2023 hybrid for used buyers",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $12–21k; 2022: $14–23k; 2023: $12–25k; 2024: $21–38k; 2025: $20–40k; 2026: new only",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026",
"years_to_avoid": "2024; 2021"
},
{
"model_slug": "hyundai-sonata",
"model_name": "Hyundai Sonata",
"price_usd": "$27,300 (SE) - $38,100 (Hybrid Limited)",
"price_eur": "not sold (EU)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED (est ~¥150k-220k)",
"used_price_signal": "JDPower 2021: SE avg paid $15,238; SEL $16,263; Hybrid $18,685",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota Camry Hybrid; Honda Accord",
"value_call": "buy the hybrid; avoid early 2.5T/DCT years",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$14-17k; 2022: ~$15-19k; 2023: ~$17-21k; 2024: ~$20-25k; 2025: ~$22-27k; 2026: new",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2021 (engine/DCT/fuel-pipe recalls)"
},
{
"model_slug": "hyundai-tucson",
"model_name": "Hyundai Tucson",
"price_usd": "$29,700 (SE FWD) – $41,175 (Limited AWD); destination not included",
"price_eur": "1.6 T-GDI 150 PS from €36,490 (Germany); street listings €31,690–€35,590",
"price_cny": "Tucson L 1.5T: RMB 159,800–207,800 (Beijing Hyundai, Nov 2024)",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED by year; single weak signal: 5-yr-old ≈ $18,104 (iSeeCars, Sept 2026)",
"nearest_alternative": "UNVERIFIED (not extracted in this cluster's evidence)",
"value_call": "2025 facelift the sweet spot; 2022–2023 only with full recall history verified",
"used_price_by_year": "UNVERIFIED by year; single weak signal: 5-yr-old ≈ $18,104 (iSeeCars, Sept 2026)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2022, 2023 (2.5L oil-consumption/piston issues; ISG oil-pump and tow-hitch fire recalls)"
},
{
"model_slug": "infiniti-qx50",
"model_name": "INFINITI QX50",
"price_usd": "No 2026 US model (discontinued); remaining 2025 stock ~$30k-$40k",
"price_eur": "Not sold",
"price_cny": "339800-348300 (2025s",
"used_price_signal": " ccarprice aggregator; China still lists)",
"nearest_alternative": "Heavy depreciation; CPO discount is the only buying logic",
"value_call": "Acura RDX / Lexus NX",
"used_price_by_year": "An orphan with a clever engine that never delivered — buy 2023+ CPO at a steep discount with recall clearance, or walk away",
"sweet_spot_year": "2021: ~$20k-$25k; 2022: ~$22k-$27k; 2023: ~$24k-$30k; 2024: ~$26k-$33k; 2025: ~$30k-$40k remaining stock; 2026: no US model (US asking bands, Sept 2026; approximate, UNVERIFIED)",
"years_to_avoid": "2023"
},
{
"model_slug": "infiniti-qx60",
"model_name": "Infiniti QX60",
"price_usd": "US: from $51,200 + $1,350 dest (Pure FWD); Luxe $56,800; Sport $61,700; Autograph ~$68,145 (Sept 2026)",
"price_eur": "N/A (not sold)",
"price_cny": "N/A (effectively withdrawn)",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED (no listing data gathered)",
"nearest_alternative": "Nissan Pathfinder (mechanical twin, healthier network); Acura MDX; Lexus TX",
"value_call": "Only rational buy is a used V6-year (2024 sweet spot) at a steep discount; new 2026 makes no sense vs MDX at $51,800",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: UNVERIFIED | 2022: UNVERIFIED | 2023: UNVERIFIED | 2024: UNVERIFIED | 2025: UNVERIFIED | 2026: new only ~$52.5k-$68k w/ dest.",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2022 (launch-year electrical gremlins); 2026 (first-year VC-Turbo + brand risk)"
},
{
"model_slug": "jaguar-f-pace",
"model_name": "Jaguar F-Pace",
"price_usd": "2022 MSRP $52,050–$87,750 (SVR); no new cars sold now",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "last India price ₹72.9 lakh",
"used_price_signal": "2021 from $16k–$19k; 2022 from $23k–$26.5k; 2023 from $19.5k–$23k (SVR ~$59k); 2024 from $26k–$33k; 2025 from $29.5k–$33.5k (US)",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW X3 / Audi Q5 / Porsche Macan",
"value_call": "2022–2023 P400 — facelift, robust six, depreciation banked",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $16k–$31k; 2022: $23k–$26.5k; 2023: $19.5k–$38k; 2024: $26k–$47k; 2025: $29.5k–$46k (US)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2022-2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2017; 2018"
},
{
"model_slug": "jaguar-i-pace",
"model_name": "Jaguar I-Pace",
"price_usd": "~$72,000 (2024 final MY)",
"price_eur": "~£70,000 (final MY)",
"price_cny": "not sold",
"used_price_signal": "used 2020 under $20k; 2024 $25.5k-48k (US listings)",
"nearest_alternative": "used Tesla Model Y",
"value_call": "buy used 2022-2023 in low-to-mid $30k with battery warranty intact",
"used_price_by_year": "2020: under $20k; 2021: UNVERIFIED; 2022: from ~$30.5k; 2023: UNVERIFIED; 2024: $25.5k-48k; 2025-2026: not sold",
"sweet_spot_year": "2022-2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2019-2020 (fire-recall core)"
},
{
"model_slug": "jeep-compass",
"model_name": "Jeep Compass",
"price_usd": "30990 (Latitude 2026, incl. dest)",
"price_eur": "",
"price_cny": "",
"used_price_signal": "Weak segment resale; 2022s cheapest",
"nearest_alternative": "Mazda CX-50 / Subaru Forester",
"value_call": "Buy 2024+ with 2.0T; never pay new",
"used_price_by_year": "2021:$16000-20000 est.; 2022:$18000-22000 est.; 2023:$20000-24000 est.; 2024:$22000-26000 est.; 2025:$24000-29000 est.; 2026: new from $30990",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2022 (worst complaint year)"
},
{
"model_slug": "jeep-gladiator",
"model_name": "Jeep Gladiator",
"price_usd": "38830",
"price_eur": "N/A",
"price_cny": "N/A",
"used_price_signal": "2024 gas V6 ~$40k used",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota Tacoma / Ford Ranger",
"value_call": "Buy 2024+ gas V6 automatic; confirm cluster recall done",
"used_price_by_year": "2020: ~$25k | 2021: ~$28k | 2022: ~$32k | 2023: ~$36k | 2024: ~$40k (UNVERIFIED interpolations)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2020-2021; EcoDiesel 2021-2023 undocumented; affected manual-clutch VINs"
},
{
"model_slug": "jeep-grand-cherokee",
"model_name": "Jeep Grand Cherokee",
"price_usd": "38830",
"price_eur": "80000 (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "520000 (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "2024 gas V6 holds near MSRP",
"nearest_alternative": "Ford Explorer / Toyota Highlander",
"value_call": "2024 gas V6 with recall verified",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$28k | 2022: ~$32k | 2023: ~$36k | 2024: ~$42k (UNVERIFIED interpolations)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2021-2022 launch years; all 4xe; 2023 without spring-recall proof"
},
{
"model_slug": "jeep-wrangler",
"model_name": "Jeep Wrangler",
"price_usd": "32990",
"price_eur": "72000 (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "449900 (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "2023 V6 ~$35k used",
"nearest_alternative": "Ford Bronco",
"value_call": "Buy a used 2023 V6; skip the 4xe entirely",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$30k (4xe discount) | 2022: ~$33k | 2023: ~$35k | 2024: ~$40k | 2025: ~$45k+ (UNVERIFIED interpolations)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2021 4xe; any 4xe with unresolved recall"
},
{
"model_slug": "jeep-wrangler-4xe",
"model_name": "Jeep Wrangler 4xe",
"price_usd": "50695",
"price_eur": "75000 (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "N/A",
"used_price_signal": "2024 Willys: $64.8k sticker vs $32.7k insurance value after 16 months",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota 4Runner hybrid / Ford Bronco (no PHEV)",
"value_call": "Lease only, never buy; 2023 least-bad if bought",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: high-$20k | 2022: ~$30k | 2023: low-$30k | 2024: ~$33k | 2025: ~$38k (UNVERIFIED; one hard data point: $32.7k ACV on a 2024)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2021; 2022 without remedy proof; affected 2024-2025 casting-sand VINs"
},
{
"model_slug": "kia-carnival",
"model_name": "Kia Carnival",
"price_usd": "$36,990 - $54,890",
"price_eur": "not sold (EU)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED (est ~¥280k-350k)",
"used_price_signal": "est: V6 models hold well; no verified Sep 2026 feed pulled",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota Sienna; Honda Odyssey",
"value_call": "best-looking van; verify electrical TSB on 2025",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: n/a (US); 2022: ~$27-32k; 2023: ~$30-35k; 2024: ~$32-38k; 2025: ~$35-42k; 2026: new",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2022 (6 recalls); 2025 (electrical spike)"
},
{
"model_slug": "kia-ev3",
"model_name": "Kia EV3",
"price_usd": "29890-45890 (US 2026 MY incl AWD trims)",
"price_eur": "33055-43055 GBP (UK)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED / not sold in China",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED (too new; no used market data)",
"nearest_alternative": "Volvo EX30 / Chevy Equinox EV / Niro EV",
"value_call": "Wind FWD at 34990 USD (81.4 kWh / 321 mi EPA) is the value buy; lease if residual worry",
"used_price_by_year": "UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2024"
},
{
"model_slug": "kia-ev4",
"model_name": "Kia EV4",
"price_usd": "not sold in US (delayed)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (est ~€37k-45k)",
"price_cny": "not sold (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "no used market yet",
"nearest_alternative": "Tesla Model 3; BYD Seal",
"value_call": "promising but unproven; wait for owner data",
"used_price_by_year": "2021-2025: not on sale; 2026: new only (CA/EU/AU/KR)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026",
"years_to_avoid": "n/a"
},
{
"model_slug": "kia-ev6",
"model_name": "Kia EV6",
"price_usd": "$37,900 MSRP (entry, before destination)",
"price_eur": "€44,995",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "Steep early depreciation: 2022 Wind RWD 40k mi posted at $23,000 (Mar 2025, anecdotal); running costs: Cheap home charging; risk = out-of-warranty electronics, 21in GT tires",
"nearest_alternative": "UNVERIFIED (not extracted in this cluster's evidence)",
"value_call": "Strong used buy with warranty remaining; new-car value tempered by ICCU saga and dealer lottery",
"used_price_by_year": "US CarGurus avg listings Sep 2026: 2022 ~$22.7k; 2023 ~$27.3-28.4k; 2024 ~$29k; 2025 ~$31.7-40.6k (facelift premium); 2026 ~$43.9k",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2022, 2024"
},
{
"model_slug": "kia-ev9",
"model_name": "Kia EV9",
"price_usd": "54900–71900 MSRP (+1495 dest); $10000 Kia Bonus Cash + $7500 federal credit stack Sep 2026",
"price_eur": "sold Europe; exact 2026 pricing UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "not sold in China",
"used_price_signal": "used 2024 ~$29k avg / $29300–42800 range (KBB via YouTube; 47% depreciation in 2 yrs)",
"nearest_alternative": "Hyundai Ioniq 9 (same E-GMP platform)",
"value_call": "BUY NEW 2026 Wind AWD with incentive stack (~$46k effective); used alt: 2024 Wind/Land low-$30s with documented recall clearance",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: n/a; 2022: n/a; 2023: n/a (launched late 2023 as 2024 MY); 2024: avg ~$29000 / $29300–42800 (KBB via YouTube); 2025: UNVERIFIED; 2026: new $54900–71900 MSRP",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026",
"years_to_avoid": "2024 early builds (seat-bolt recall, cluster-blank OTA bug, tire vibration); verify Georgia-built 2025–2026 against ODS airbag recall"
},
{
"model_slug": "kia-k5",
"model_name": "Kia K5",
"price_usd": "from $27,390",
"price_eur": "not sold (EU)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED (est ~¥160k-200k)",
"used_price_signal": "est: tracks Sonata closely; no verified Sep 2026 feed pulled",
"nearest_alternative": "Hyundai Sonata; Honda Accord",
"value_call": "GT is the value sleeper; verify recalls on 2021-23",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$16-19k; 2022: ~$17-21k; 2023: ~$18-23k; 2024: ~$20-24k; 2025: ~$22-27k; 2026: new",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2021 (6 recalls, 165 complaints)"
},
{
"model_slug": "kia-sorento",
"model_name": "Kia Sorento",
"price_usd": "$32.4k–53.5k new (2026 US)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (sold in EU/UK; pricing unconfirmed)",
"price_cny": "Not sold (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "Faster depreciation than Highlander = used opportunity; verify recall completion",
"nearest_alternative": "Hyundai Santa Fe Hybrid; Toyota Highlander Hybrid; Mazda CX-90",
"value_call": "2024 hybrid (new or used); hybrid EX $38.9k new value band",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: UNVERIFIED; 2022: UNVERIFIED; 2023: UNVERIFIED; 2024: UNVERIFIED; 2025: UNVERIFIED; 2026: new $32.4k–53.5k",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2021–2022 (2.5T); 2025 (2.5T)"
},
{
"model_slug": "kia-sportage",
"model_name": "Kia Sportage",
"price_usd": "$28.8k–47.4k new (2026 US)",
"price_eur": "€35k+ est (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED (Yueda Kia; status unconfirmed)",
"used_price_signal": "Faster depreciation than RAV4/CR-V = used opportunity",
"nearest_alternative": "Hyundai Tucson Hybrid; Toyota RAV4 Hybrid; Mazda CX-50",
"value_call": "New: gas EX ~$30.8k; used: 2025 gas or 2024 hybrid (verify ICCU history)",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: UNVERIFIED; 2022: UNVERIFIED; 2023: UNVERIFIED; 2024: UNVERIFIED; 2025: UNVERIFIED; 2026: new $28.8k–47.4k",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2023; 2025 (hybrid/PHEV)"
},
{
"model_slug": "kia-telluride",
"model_name": "Kia Telluride",
"price_usd": "39190-58335 (2027 2.5T; hybrid 46490-57590; 2027 only new car)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED / not sold in EU",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED / not sold in China",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED",
"nearest_alternative": "Hyundai Palisade / Toyota Grand Highlander Hybrid",
"value_call": "Buy used 2023-2025 gen 1; never pay early 2027 launch prices",
"used_price_by_year": "UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2020 / 2021"
},
{
"model_slug": "land-rover-defender",
"model_name": "Land Rover Defender",
"price_usd": "$63,500–$158,300 (2026 US, 110 P300 S to Octa Black)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "not sold",
"used_price_signal": "2020 D240 £33.5k–£42k; 2021 D250/D300 £37k–£49k; 2022 D250 ~£44.5k; 2023 D250 ~£48k; 2024 D250 £50k–£51.5k (UK listings)",
"nearest_alternative": "Jeep Grand Cherokee / Toyota Land Cruiser",
"value_call": "2023 D300 (EU) / P400 (US) X-Dynamic — teething sorted, warranty remaining",
"used_price_by_year": "2020: £33.5k–£42k; 2021: £37k–£49k; 2022: ~£44.5k; 2023: ~£48k; 2024: £50k–£51.5k (UK)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2020; early 2021"
},
{
"model_slug": "land-rover-discovery",
"model_name": "Land Rover Discovery",
"price_usd": "60200",
"price_eur": "75000",
"price_cny": "",
"used_price_signal": "2021 post-facelift cars deepest depreciation with modern engines",
"nearest_alternative": "Volvo XC90",
"value_call": "2021 with full history + recall proof + warranty; never without",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $32-42k; 2022: $34-45k; 2023: $36-48k; 2024: $40-55k; 2025: $45-60k",
"sweet_spot_year": "2021",
"years_to_avoid": "2022-2023; any 2021-2024 MHEV without DC-DC remedy"
},
{
"model_slug": "land-rover-range-rover",
"model_name": "Land Rover Range Rover",
"price_usd": "$113,300 (SE) - $260,900 (SV Black LWB) MY26",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED band (2023 datapoint: P440e Autobiography P11D GBP 127,610)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED (sold in China; price not observed)",
"used_price_signal": "US: 2022 SE avg ~$102k / 2023 from $76.5k (listings $88-111k) / 2024 from $88k / 2025 from $101k — depreciation roller coaster",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW X7; Mercedes GLS; Lexus LX 600",
"value_call": "Sweet spot: 2024 (P550e upgrade, launch bugs patched, H2-2024 discounts repriced the market); never pay list — buy on discount",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: L405 only; 2022: ~$102k avg (SE); 2023: from $76.5k; 2024: from $88k; 2025: from $101k; 2026: new $113.3k-260.9k (EU/CN UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2022 (launch-year Pivi/software niggles; early-adopter pricing); UK: get insurance quote BEFORE test drive on any year"
},
{
"model_slug": "leapmotor-c10",
"model_name": "Leapmotor C10 BEV",
"price_usd": "N/A (not sold in US)",
"price_eur": "Netherlands 2026: €39,050 (69.9 kWh Life) / €40,550 Design / €42,550 (81.9 kWh ProMax) / €45,050 AWD; UK £36,500 (£32,750 after grant)",
"price_cny": "RMB 120,800–149,800 (2026; sources conflict by update)",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED — too new; EU used market thin",
"nearest_alternative": "UNVERIFIED (not extracted in this cluster's evidence)",
"value_call": "Too new for used; buy new in EU on price if ADAS nannying is tolerable; avoid late-2026 EU buy before the 2027 hardware evolution",
"used_price_by_year": "UNVERIFIED across all years — too new; EU used market thin",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026",
"years_to_avoid": "None documented — avoid a late-2026 EU buy before the early-2027 hardware evolution (resale risk)"
},
{
"model_slug": "leapmotor-t03",
"model_name": "Leapmotor T03",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED (not sold US)",
"price_eur": "18900",
"price_cny": "65000",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED",
"nearest_alternative": "Dacia Spring / used Fiat 500e",
"value_call": "Cheapest new EV in UK/EU; buy 2025; skip pre-2024 French orphans",
"used_price_by_year": "UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "Pre-2024 French imports"
},
{
"model_slug": "lexus-es",
"model_name": "Lexus ES",
"price_usd": "50995",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED — UK went EV-only; hybrid availability varies",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "2021 ~$32k avg; 2022 ~$28–34k; 2024 300h ~$19–25k",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW 530i, Genesis G80, Acura TLX",
"value_call": "Used 2022 is the value king vs new 2026",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$32k avg; 2022: ~$28–34k; 2023: ~$26–33k; 2024: ~$25–32k; 2025: ~$30–38k; 2026: new $48.8–60.2k",
"sweet_spot_year": "2022",
"years_to_avoid": "2019 (no CarPlay); 2026 new (price jump, unproven)"
},
{
"model_slug": "lexus-lc",
"model_name": "Lexus LC",
"price_usd": "101700-~115000 (figures differ by delivery/options inclusion)",
"price_eur": "Sold in EU; 2026 EU pricing UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "610200 (2026 LC 500 coupe",
"used_price_signal": " ccarprice aggregator)",
"nearest_alternative": "Strong for the segment; halo effect holds values",
"value_call": "Porsche 911 Carrera",
"used_price_by_year": "A hand-built NA V8 GT with Toyota-grade mechanicals — buy 2024+ for the touchscreen; pre-2024 only if the trackpad doesn't bother you",
"sweet_spot_year": "2021: ~$62k-$75k; 2022: ~$66k-$80k; 2023: ~$72k-$88k; 2024: ~$80k-$98k; 2025: ~$88k-$105k; 2026: new only (US asking bands, Sept 2026; approximate, UNVERIFIED)",
"years_to_avoid": "2024"
},
{
"model_slug": "lexus-lx",
"model_name": "Lexus LX",
"price_usd": "106500+ (from; 2026 listing)",
"price_eur": "Not officially sold (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED (ccarprice lists 2027 LX at CHN 870",
"used_price_signal": "000 — not a 2026 figure)",
"nearest_alternative": "Scarcity supports values; recalls must be cleared in writing",
"value_call": "Range Rover / Cadillac Escalade",
"used_price_by_year": "The body-on-frame luxury flagship for people who actually go off-road — buy only with written recall clearance; unibody rivals ride better",
"sweet_spot_year": "2021: ~$62k-$75k (LX570); 2022: ~$78k-$95k; 2023: ~$82k-$100k; 2024: ~$88k-$108k; 2025: ~$95k-$120k; 2026: new only (US asking bands, Sept 2026; approximate, UNVERIFIED)",
"years_to_avoid": "2025"
},
{
"model_slug": "lexus-nx",
"model_name": "Lexus NX",
"price_usd": "US: $45,470 base / $45,750 350h FWD / $47,020 350h AWD / $46,120 350 AWD / $57,810 450h+ Premium (Sept 2026 incl. dest.)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "Edmunds listings Sept 2026: 2022 350h $30k-$42k; 2023 350h $37k-$44k",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota RAV4 Hybrid (cheaper twin); BMW X3 30 xDrive; Acura RDX; Mazda CX-60 (UK)",
"value_call": "2024 350h used/CPO is the smart buy; new 350h FWD Premium best value new; skip 2022",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: UNVERIFIED (~$24k-$32k inferred) | 2022: $30k-$42k | 2023: $37k-$44k | 2024: UNVERIFIED (~$42k-$50k inferred) | 2025: UNVERIFIED | 2026: new only $45.5k-$64k+",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2022 (first-year build-quality + recalls)"
},
{
"model_slug": "lexus-rx",
"model_name": "Lexus RX",
"price_usd": "2026: RX 350 FWD $51,175 / RX 350h AWD $53,475 / RX 500h $66,850 / RX 450h+ $66,680–$73,310 (incl. dest)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "2023 350h avg list ~$50–53k at 30–40k mi (Edmunds Sep 2026); 2021 RX 350L Luxury resale $35,400 (KBB)",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota Highlander Hybrid (cheaper, 3-row); Genesis GV70 2.5T (sportier); Acura MDX (3-row)",
"value_call": "Buy 2024 RX 350h CPO — launch gremlins sorted, still under warranty, ~$48k–58k",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $33k–38k; 2022: $36k–42k (UNVERIFIED); 2023: $44k–53k; 2024: $48k–58k (UNVERIFIED); 2025: $52k–63k (UNVERIFIED); 2026: new only",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2023"
},
{
"model_slug": "li-auto-l6",
"model_name": "Li Auto L6",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED (China-only; grey imports only)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (China-only; grey imports only)",
"price_cny": "249,800-279,800 yuan (Pro/Max, 2024); 249,800 yuan (2026 Ultra)",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED (no accessible used-market data)",
"nearest_alternative": "BYD Tang DM-i (the domestic EREV price rival, cheaper, less premium) / Aito Wenjie M7 (Huawei ecosystem play)",
"value_call": "China's segment value benchmark: 300-km-electric-range family SUV for 249,800 yuan - the 2026 Ultra at the old price is the deal. Outside China: admire from a distance, don't import",
"used_price_by_year": "2024-2026: UNVERIFIED (no accessible used data)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026",
"years_to_avoid": "2024 (first-year car, smallest battery, earliest software); 2025 (verify the front-wheel noise fix was applied)"
},
{
"model_slug": "li-auto-l7",
"model_name": "Li Auto L7",
"price_usd": "not sold in US",
"price_eur": "not sold in EU",
"price_cny": "319800-379800 (launch; current UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "UAE grey: new AED 250000-269000; used 2023/47215 km AED 120000 — steep early drop",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW X5 / Mercedes GLE (used)",
"value_call": "Half the German price for more tech — but only where official support exists; grey imports are a gamble",
"used_price_by_year": "UAE used: 2023/47,215 km AED 120,000; 2025/5,000 km AED 165,000 (dubicars); new AED 250,000-269,000 (zigwheels)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2023 launch-year builds (oldest ADAS hardware, single-chamber suspension, worst depreciation); grey-import cars of ANY year without an official importer in-country"
},
{
"model_slug": "li-auto-l8",
"model_name": "Li Auto L8",
"price_usd": "",
"price_eur": "",
"price_cny": "340000-380000 (Livis expected; UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED",
"nearest_alternative": "NIO ES8 / AITO M9",
"value_call": "China: strong; export: only at grey-import discount",
"used_price_by_year": "2022-23: holding UNVERIFIED; 2024-25: softening; 2026: platform changeover pressure",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026 (Livis, new platform)",
"years_to_avoid": "2022-2025 (dead 6-seat platform)"
},
{
"model_slug": "li-auto-l9",
"model_name": "Li Auto L9",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED (not sold US)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (not sold EU)",
"price_cny": "409800",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED",
"nearest_alternative": "Used BMW X7 / Kia EV9 / Aito M9 (CN)",
"value_call": "China: superb value buy 2026 new-gen; grey import: only at distressed price",
"used_price_by_year": "UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026",
"years_to_avoid": "2022"
},
{
"model_slug": "lincoln-aviator",
"model_name": "Lincoln Aviator",
"price_usd": "59295-87395 (2025)",
"price_eur": "",
"price_cny": "",
"used_price_signal": "Luxury depreciation; buy 2-3 yrs used",
"nearest_alternative": "Acura MDX / Infiniti QX60",
"value_call": "Buy 2023-2024 used; skip 2020-2021 and refresh-year new",
"used_price_by_year": "2021:$32000-38000 est.; 2022:$36000-42000 est.; 2023:$40000-47000 est.; 2024:$44000-52000 est.; 2025: new $59295-87395; 2026: new (near 2025)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2021 (2020-2021 problem years); caution 2025 (refresh electronics)"
},
{
"model_slug": "lincoln-navigator",
"model_name": "Lincoln Navigator",
"price_usd": "$99,995–$116,495 (2025 incl $2,195 DFC; L adds ~$3,000)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (not officially sold; B2B exporter ~$117k CIF)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED (2025 China price unconfirmed; prev gen ¥1,008,000–¥1,258,000)",
"used_price_signal": "2021 ~$39,621 (−11% YoY); 2022 ~$48,872 (−14.3%); 2023 ~$56,463 (−13.4%); 2024 ~$66,027 (−4.4%) (CarGurus Sept 2026)",
"nearest_alternative": "Cadillac Escalade (cheaper used 2023 diesel option) / GMC Yukon Denali",
"value_call": "Buy 2023 used ~$56.5k (calm 4th-gen year, 4.91/5 owners, half of new 2025; verify 26S21 OTA done); skip 2025 — $100k+ for first-year debugging",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$39,621; 2022: ~$48,872; 2023: ~$56,463; 2024: ~$66,027; 2025: $99,995–$116,495 new",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2025 (first-year 5th gen: brake-booster + lightbar recalls, FB bug log); 2022 (verify 26S21 IPMA completion)"
},
{
"model_slug": "lotus-eletre",
"model_name": "Lotus Eletre",
"price_usd": "£89.5k–£120k (UK); $107k–$145k (US); €96k (DE base)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED",
"nearest_alternative": "Tesla Model X / Porsche Macan Electric / Audi SQ8 e-tron",
"value_call": "2024+ new/nearly-new w/ full warranty (OTA fixes accumulated)",
"used_price_by_year": "2023 launch cars (brake-fluid batch, earliest software); UNVERIFIED used bands",
"sweet_spot_year": "UNVERIFIED",
"years_to_avoid": "2023 (launch year)"
},
{
"model_slug": "lotus-emeya",
"model_name": "Lotus Emeya",
"price_usd": "not sold in US (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_eur": "€107,990",
"price_cny": "¥538k-828k",
"used_price_signal": "used 2024 £65-90k / 2025 £66-75k (UK listings)",
"nearest_alternative": "used Porsche Taycan",
"value_call": "buy used 2024/2025 at steep discount or new 2026 from £84,990",
"used_price_by_year": "2024: £65k-90k; 2025: £66k-75k; 2026: UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026",
"years_to_avoid": "none established"
},
{
"model_slug": "lotus-emira",
"model_name": "Lotus Emira",
"price_usd": "88000-105000 (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_eur": "70000+ (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "808000 (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "$90,000 ask: 2024 V6 manual, 11,818 mi (Facebook)",
"nearest_alternative": "Porsche Cayman GTS 4.0",
"value_call": "Buy used 2023 V6; avoid new-car depreciation and 2022 launch niggles",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: UNVERIFIED; 2022: $85k-100k (UNVERIFIED); 2023: $88k-98k (UNVERIFIED); 2024: $90k ask observed; 2025: $85k-95k (UNVERIFIED); 2026: new $88k-105k (UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2022"
},
{
"model_slug": "lucid-air",
"model_name": "Lucid Air",
"price_usd": "~$70000-$115000+ core lineup (Pure/Touring/GT; 2026 Touring $81400 per KBB; exact bounds UNVERIFIED); Sapphire above",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED EU pricing (sold in NL/DE)",
"price_cny": "N/A (not sold in China)",
"used_price_signal": "Collapsing: 2025 GT w/ 6500 mi sold $75500 (-39.5% in 1 yr, Cars&Bids Jan 2026); used 2022-2023 ~$30-50k; forum models ~43.5% retained at 3 yr on $132550 MSRP",
"nearest_alternative": "Porsche Taycan (better resale) / Tesla Model S (network) / BMW i5 (dealer support)",
"value_call": "Never buy new - buy used 2024 at ~half MSRP; the discount is the compensation for ownership friction",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$50k+ (thin, UNVERIFIED); 2022: ~$35-50k; 2023: ~$30-45k; 2024: ~$30-50k; 2025: ~$30-100k+ by trim; 2026: ~$70k-115k+ new (UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2021-2022 (early-build quirk density); any new purchase (depreciation cliff)"
},
{
"model_slug": "lucid-gravity",
"model_name": "Lucid Gravity",
"price_usd": "$79900 Touring / $98900 Grand Touring base ($81550/$100550 incl $1650 dest); loaded GT tested $122200",
"price_eur": "EUR 94900 (Touring) - EUR 147500 (GT Ultimate) Germany, Aug 2026 lineup",
"price_cny": "N/A (not sold in China)",
"used_price_signal": "No used market of note (deliveries began late 2024); heavy mid-2026 incentive stacks suggest new-car price softening (UNVERIFIED depth)",
"nearest_alternative": "Rivian R1S (capability) / Cadillac Vistiq (value 3-row) / Volvo EX90 (practicality)",
"value_call": "Lease a post-recall 2026 build - let Lucid hold depreciation + lemon risk; verify seatbelt recall done on any Dec 2024-Feb 2026 build",
"used_price_by_year": "2024-2026: new only ($79900-$98900 US base); no used data",
"sweet_spot_year": "N/A (no used market yet)",
"years_to_avoid": "2025 + Dec 2024-Feb 2026 builds (seatbelt-recall population, key-fob worst of it)"
},
{
"model_slug": "lynk-co-01",
"model_name": "Lynk & Co 01",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED (not sold US)",
"price_eur": "39000 (launch outright); 500-550/mo subscription",
"price_cny": "139800 (UNVERIFIED current CN)",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED",
"nearest_alternative": "Used Volvo XC40 PHEV / Toyota RAV4 PHEV",
"value_call": "Subscribe don't buy; 2023+; bet on Volvo-backed service transition improving support",
"used_price_by_year": "UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2021-2022"
},
{
"model_slug": "lynk-co-08",
"model_name": "Lynk & Co 08",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED (not sold US)",
"price_eur": "52995-56995",
"price_cny": "175800-188800",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED (no used market yet)",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW X3 xDrive30e / Volvo XC60 T8",
"value_call": "Best PHEV hardware in class; EU price invites German comparisons - demand discount; buy 2025+",
"used_price_by_year": "UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2023"
},
{
"model_slug": "mahindra-scorpio-n",
"model_name": "Mahindra Scorpio-N",
"price_usd": "",
"price_eur": "",
"price_cny": "",
"used_price_signal": "2022-24 Z8/Z8L: INR 15L-21L UNVERIFIED",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota Fortuner (used) / Isuzu MU-X",
"value_call": "Toughest sub-INR 25L SUV; price the electronics patience in",
"used_price_by_year": "2022: ~INR 19-22L; 2023: ~INR 17-21L; 2024: ~INR 16-21L; 2025-26: ~INR 15-20L (UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023-2024 (Z8/Z8L diesel 4x4)",
"years_to_avoid": "2022 (earliest, most electronics niggles)"
},
{
"model_slug": "mahindra-thar",
"model_name": "Mahindra Thar",
"price_usd": "n/a",
"price_eur": "n/a",
"price_cny": "",
"used_price_signal": "Absurdly strong residuals (bands UNVERIFIED)",
"nearest_alternative": "Maruti Jimny; Force Gurkha",
"value_call": "Petrol-auto for city; diesel-manual 4WD for mountains",
"used_price_by_year": "2020–21: premium anyway, buy clean unmodified (bands UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2020–2021"
},
{
"model_slug": "mahindra-xuv700",
"model_name": "Mahindra XUV700",
"price_usd": "n/a",
"price_eur": "n/a",
"price_cny": "",
"used_price_signal": "2021–22 trade soft (bands UNVERIFIED)",
"nearest_alternative": "Tata Safari; MG Hector; Hyundai Alcazar",
"value_call": "Buy 2024–25 pre-facelift diesel-automatic",
"used_price_by_year": "2021–22: soft, early niggles (bands UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2021–2022"
},
{
"model_slug": "mazda-3",
"model_name": "Mazda 3",
"price_usd": "from $24,650 (2.5 S sedan)",
"price_eur": "~€27,000–€30,000 (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "~¥90,000–¥110,000 (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "solid; Turbo and manual trims carry premiums; used bands: 2021 ~$13–19k, 2022 ~$14–21k, 2023 ~$16–25k, 2024 ~$18–27k, 2025 ~$20–30k (TrueCar/JDPower listings)",
"nearest_alternative": "Honda Civic Sport",
"value_call": "Best buy in the class on interior-per-dollar; Turbo Premium Plus at $36,940 is hard to justify vs. a GTI. Used sweet spot: 2023 2.5 S Preferred (0 recalls, last year with cylinder deactivation). Skip 2024 unless all recalls cleared.",
"used_price_by_year": "2021 ~$13-19k; 2022 ~$14-21k; 2023 ~$16-25k; 2024 ~$18-27k; 2025 ~$20-30k; 2026 new $24.65-37.89k MSRP",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2024 (camera + airbag recalls); 2021 Turbo (first-year variant, launch pricing)"
},
{
"model_slug": "mazda-cx-30",
"model_name": "Mazda CX-30",
"price_usd": "26375-~37000 (before destination)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (e-Skyactiv X mild hybrid; price UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "5-yr resale 64.1% per iSeeCars; avg 5-yr-old car ~$20,196",
"nearest_alternative": "Subaru Crosstrek",
"value_call": "Best-handling subcompact crossover for the money; turbo trims are the enthusiast pick; buy the 2026 price cut",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$18k-$22k; 2022: ~$20k-$23k; 2023: ~$22k-$25k; 2024: ~$23k-$26k; 2025: ~$24k-$28k; 2026: new only (US asking bands, Sept 2026; approximate, UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026",
"years_to_avoid": "2024-2025 (airbag-recall wave VIN check)"
},
{
"model_slug": "mazda-cx-5",
"model_name": "Mazda CX-5",
"price_usd": "$29,990 + $1,595 dest (2026 base)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "CarGurus avg Sep 2026: 2021 $22,133; 2022 $24,128; 2023 $25,906; 2024 $26,936; 2025 $28,106",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota RAV4 Hybrid; Honda CR-V Hybrid; Subaru Forester",
"value_call": "Buy a 2024 2nd gen used; skip 2021 2.5T without seal paperwork; skip 2026 until hybrid lands",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$22,133 avg; 2022: ~$24,128 avg; 2023: ~$25,906 avg; 2024: ~$26,936 avg; 2025: ~$28,106 avg; 2026: $29,990+ new",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2021 2.5T (valve seals); 2026 (first-year redesign, no hybrid/turbo)"
},
{
"model_slug": "mazda-cx-50",
"model_name": "Mazda CX-50",
"price_usd": "29900",
"price_eur": "N/A — not sold in EU",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "2023 ~$26.5k; 2024 ~$27.9k; 2025 ~$28k (CarGurus avg)",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota RAV4 Hybrid, Honda CR-V Hybrid",
"value_call": "Used 2024 is the value play vs new",
"used_price_by_year": "2023: ~$24–28k; 2024: ~$26–29k; 2025: ~$28–32k; 2026: new $29.9–42.9k",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2023; 2025 Hybrid "
},
{
"model_slug": "mazda-cx-90",
"model_name": "Mazda CX-90",
"price_usd": "39300-~60000 (before destination)",
"price_eur": "Not sold in Europe (autoevolution)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED (no official China launch found)",
"used_price_signal": "Early cars discounted by reputation; buy 2026 build",
"nearest_alternative": "Hyundai Palisade / Kia Telluride",
"value_call": "Genuine RWD-platform three-row for mainstream money — but only buy a late 2025/2026 with CSP14 work done; early 2024s are the risk",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: n/a (not sold); 2022: n/a (not sold); 2023: ~$30k-$38k; 2024: ~$33k-$42k; 2025: ~$36k-$46k; 2026: new only (US asking bands, Sept 2026; approximate, UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026",
"years_to_avoid": "2024"
},
{
"model_slug": "mazda-mx-5-miata",
"model_name": "Mazda MX-5 Miata",
"price_usd": "$30430-$41900 + $1235 dest (2026: Sport $30430 / Club $33930 / GT $35730 / RF $38450-$41900)",
"price_eur": "~EUR 29400-34555 (DE dealer listings 2026 1.5L; official MSRP UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "N/A (not officially sold)",
"used_price_signal": "Firm: 2021 ~$26038; 2022 ~$28146; 2023 ~$29502; 2024 ~$31315 avg asking (CarGurus Sept 2026); 4.77/5 all-gen owner rating",
"nearest_alternative": "Subaru BRZ / Toyota GR86 (coupe alternatives; no direct roadster rival)",
"value_call": "Buy used 2024 (ND3 facelift, easing prices) or newest 2022+; pay near-MSRP new, no discounts",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $23914-27252; 2022: $25768-28875; 2023: $27346-29933; 2024: $30509-32166; 2025: UNVERIFIED; 2026: $30430-41900 new",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2021 (pre-KPC, old 7in screen; value only, not reliability)"
},
{
"model_slug": "mercedes-c-class",
"model_name": "Mercedes-Benz C-Class",
"price_usd": "$49,650",
"price_eur": "~€54,000 (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "~¥330,000 (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "steep early depreciation; bands UNVERIFIED",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW 3 Series",
"value_call": "buy used 2024-2025 post-launch fixes with warranty remaining",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: UNVERIFIED; 2022: UNVERIFIED; 2023: UNVERIFIED; 2024: UNVERIFIED; 2025: UNVERIFIED; 2026: new from $49,650 US",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024-2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2021"
},
{
"model_slug": "mercedes-e-class",
"model_name": "Mercedes-Benz E-Class",
"price_usd": "$63,900-$89,600 (2026; E350 to E53 Hybrid)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED (China: extended-L E-Class; price UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED (late-W213 depreciating with W214 launch)",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW 5 Series / Audi A6",
"value_call": "Sweet spot is a 2023 W213 (final year, sorted, depreciated); 2024+ only with full history",
"used_price_by_year": "2026: $63.9k-$89.6k new (US)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2024 (first W214 year: new MBUX gen, M254 tune, ground-connection fire-risk recall); caution on 2026 AMG E53 Hybrid (first-year PHEV powertrain)"
},
{
"model_slug": "mercedes-glc",
"model_name": "Mercedes-Benz GLC",
"price_usd": "$50,700",
"price_eur": "~€60,000+ (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "~¥428,000 (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED - early depreciation typical for segment",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW X3",
"value_call": "buy used 2025 past the 2022-2024 recall cluster with campaigns closed",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: not X254; 2022: UNVERIFIED; 2023: UNVERIFIED; 2024: UNVERIFIED; 2025: UNVERIFIED; 2026: new from $50,700 US",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2022-2023"
},
{
"model_slug": "mercedes-gle",
"model_name": "Mercedes-Benz GLE",
"price_usd": "~63000 (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_eur": "~85000+ (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "~699800 (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "2020-2021 discounted for early software era; 450 six holds better than 350 four",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW X5 / Audi Q7 / Volvo XC90",
"value_call": "Buy 2022-2023 with extended warranty; 450 over 350 for loaded/towing use",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: EUR 45-60k; 2022: EUR 50-65k; 2023: EUR 55-72k; 2024-2026: new pricing (bands UNVERIFIED estimates)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2022-2023 (past early software, pre-ISG Gen 2)",
"years_to_avoid": "2020-2021 (early 48V/MBUX glitches); 2024+ until ISG Gen 2 proven"
},
{
"model_slug": "mercedes-s-class",
"model_name": "Mercedes-Benz S-Class",
"price_usd": "121000 (reported 2026 base)",
"price_eur": "~124000+ (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "~942600 (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "Steep early depreciation = used opportunity; 2021 cars half of launch MSRP",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW 7 Series / Audi A8 / Lexus LS",
"value_call": "Buy 2022 ($70-85k) or 2024+ with full recall history + warranty; new only for clean slate",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: USD 60-75k (reported); 2022: USD 70-85k (reported); 2023: USD/EUR 80-100k UNVERIFIED; 2024: USD 85-110k UNVERIFIED; 2025-2026: new ~USD 121k",
"sweet_spot_year": "2022 (value) or 2024+ (campaigns worked through)",
"years_to_avoid": "2021 (worst recall year: subframe weld, fuel pump)"
},
{
"model_slug": "mg-cyberster",
"model_name": "MG Cyberster",
"price_usd": "n/a (not sold in US)",
"price_eur": "UK £54,995 (Trophy) / £59,995 (GT)",
"price_cny": "¥359,800 (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "Too new; ex-demo discounts emerging",
"nearest_alternative": "Mazda MX-5 (ICE, cheaper); BMW Z4 (ICE, pricier)",
"value_call": "Enthusiast purchase; Trophy RWD is the value pick",
"used_price_by_year": "2024 launch cars: early-adopter pricing; used market thin",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2023 (China first-year)"
},
{
"model_slug": "mg-mg4",
"model_name": "MG4 EV",
"price_usd": "N/A (not sold in US)",
"price_eur": "€24,640 Austria Urban (entry); €35,950 NL Premium Long Range",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "Softer residuals for Chinese brands in EU; strong used deals likely; running costs: LFP base batteries tolerate 100% charging; very cheap to run",
"nearest_alternative": "UNVERIFIED (not extracted in this cluster's evidence)",
"value_call": "Value champion of the cluster in Europe; warranty strong on paper - verify local dealer reputation",
"used_price_by_year": "UK What Car? used guide Sep 2026: 2022 SE SR ~£9k / SE LR ~£10k / Trophy ~£12k; 2023 XPower ~£15k / Ext. Trophy ~£15k; 2024 £16-20k; 2025 £20k+; 2026 new £23,495-33,995 (used UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2022, 2025"
},
{
"model_slug": "mg-mg5",
"model_name": "MG5 EV",
"price_usd": "",
"price_eur": "36000 (from GBP 30,495)",
"price_cny": "",
"used_price_signal": "GBP 10k-16k for 2020-2023 cars",
"nearest_alternative": "VW ID.3 / Kia e-Niro (used)",
"value_call": "Used Long Range is the cheap-EV bargain",
"used_price_by_year": "2020: ~GBP 14k; 2021: ~GBP 13k; 2022: ~GBP 14-16k; 2023: ~GBP 16k+ (listing inference)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2022-2023 (Long Range, facelift)",
"years_to_avoid": "2020 (launch cars, unless very cheap)"
},
{
"model_slug": "mg-zs",
"model_name": "MG ZS",
"price_usd": "n/a (not sold in US)",
"price_eur": "n/a (UK-focused: Hybrid+ from £21,995)",
"price_cny": "",
"used_price_signal": "2025 used from £16,395 (verified listings)",
"nearest_alternative": "Dacia Duster Hybrid; Toyota Yaris Cross Hybrid",
"value_call": "Buy the Hybrid+; skip early petrol/EV",
"used_price_by_year": "2025 Hybrid+: £16,395–18,991 (verified); 2019–21 ZS EV: soft, cheapest used EVs",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2017–2019 petrol; 2019–2021 ZS EV"
},
{
"model_slug": "mini-cooper",
"model_name": "Mini Cooper",
"price_usd": "~$33,500 (US SE); UK E <£30k, SE £34.5k (new)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "F56 SE EV 2021–23 £10k–£16k; F56 Cooper S 2021–22 £12k–£18k; F66 S (2024, 24k mi) ~£23.2k (UK)",
"nearest_alternative": "Fiat 500e / Peugeot e-208 / VW ID.3",
"value_call": "2022 F56 Cooper S (proven, max depreciation); EV: 2025 J01 SE (new battery gen, warranty)",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: SE £11k–£16k / S £12.2k–£18k; 2022: SE £10k–£15k / S £17.5k; 2023: SE £14k–£16.5k / JCW ~£21k; 2024: F66 S ~£23.2k; 2025: new E <£30k / SE £34.5k (UK)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2022",
"years_to_avoid": "2020; 2021 (F56 SE EV w/o recall proof)"
},
{
"model_slug": "mini-countryman",
"model_name": "MINI Countryman",
"price_usd": "45200",
"price_eur": "",
"price_cny": "",
"used_price_signal": "2023 gen-2 cars strong used value; gen-3 2024-25 discounted on software fears",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW X1",
"value_call": "2023 gen-2 used or 2026 EV new; avoid 2024-25 launch cars unverified",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $18-26k; 2022: $20-28k; 2023: $22-30k; 2024: gen-2 $20-28k; 2025: $35-48k",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2024-2025 without brake-recall + software proof"
},
{
"model_slug": "mitsubishi-eclipse-cross",
"model_name": "Mitsubishi Eclipse Cross",
"price_usd": "30840-31050 (MSRP; street often under $27000)",
"price_eur": "32990-47900 (all-new Renault-based EV; NL discounted to ES list)",
"price_cny": "Not officially sold (Mitsubishi exited China)",
"used_price_signal": "Heavy depreciation; new cars sell well under MSRP",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota RAV4",
"value_call": "An honest warranty-backed appliance at a discount — never pay MSRP; US ICE and EU EV share only a name",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$17k-$21k; 2022: ~$19k-$23k; 2023: ~$20k-$24k; 2024: ~$22k-$26k; 2025: ~$23k-$27k; 2026: ~$27k-$31k street (US asking bands, Sept 2026; approximate, UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026",
"years_to_avoid": "2021 (oldest infotainment)"
},
{
"model_slug": "mitsubishi-outlander-phev",
"model_name": "Mitsubishi Outlander PHEV",
"price_usd": "$43,245 before destination ($44,990 incl. destination); trims to $53,695",
"price_eur": "Launch reference ~€46,990 (Germany); Bulgaria €58,990–€68,990 — major market variation; UK £47,000–£50,000",
"price_cny": "Not officially sold (no pricing captured)",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED across all years",
"nearest_alternative": "UNVERIFIED (not extracted in this cluster's evidence)",
"value_call": "2026 discounted-new beats used; plug in regularly or the economics collapse; verify windshield and camera-recall history",
"used_price_by_year": "UNVERIFIED across all years",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026",
"years_to_avoid": "2023 (first-year US gen-4: backup-camera recall + older 20-kWh pack); 2024–2025 share the older pack — do not pay a premium over a discounted new 2026"
},
{
"model_slug": "nio-es6",
"model_name": "NIO ES6 / EL7",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED (not sold US)",
"price_eur": "53500",
"price_cny": "268000",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED",
"nearest_alternative": "XPeng G6 / Tesla Model Y",
"value_call": "Used only in EU at distressed prices; China buy with confidence",
"used_price_by_year": "UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2018-2022"
},
{
"model_slug": "nio-es8",
"model_name": "NIO ES8",
"price_usd": "",
"price_eur": "",
"price_cny": "416800",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED (2022 cars; listing inference)",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW iX / Li Auto L9",
"value_call": "Only makes sense in China near swap stations",
"used_price_by_year": "2022: high UNVERIFIED; 2023-24: mid UNVERIFIED; 2025-26: 3rd-gen new only",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025-2026 (900V 3rd gen)",
"years_to_avoid": "2018-2022 (1st gen: recalls, old tech)"
},
{
"model_slug": "nio-et5",
"model_name": "NIO ET5",
"price_usd": "N/A (not sold in US)",
"price_eur": "€59,500 (75 kWh) / €68,500 (100 kWh) — German reference; Netherlands €63,900 / €72,900",
"price_cny": "RMB 298,000 with battery; RMB 190,000 under BaaS (¥1,128/month battery rental)",
"used_price_signal": "Weak — China used export listings ~$13,962–$17,034; steep depreciation; EU used market effectively nonexistent",
"nearest_alternative": "UNVERIFIED (not extracted in this cluster's evidence)",
"value_call": "2025 facelift the pick if you trust NIO's EU presence; skip 2022 first-year builds; EU buyers weigh company risk over car risk",
"used_price_by_year": "UNVERIFIED by year; weak-signal China used export listings ~$13,962–$17,034 (no year split; steep depreciation visible); EU used market effectively nonexistent",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2022 (first-year builds; HV-harness recall batch; roughest early software)"
},
{
"model_slug": "nio-et7",
"model_name": "NIO ET7",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED (never sold in US)",
"price_eur": "€81,900 incl. battery (DE 2022 launch) / €69,900 BaaS + €169/mo battery rent; new ~€90,900 (indicative, single source)",
"price_cny": "from 448,000 RMB with battery (2022 China launch)",
"used_price_signal": "€35,000-€70,000 (indicative, single 2026 used-buying video source)",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW i7 (the safe German) / Tesla Model S (the software default) / used Porsche Taycan (the driver's pick)",
"value_call": "In China a strong buy; in Europe only at distressed prices near working swap stations - the 2024+ facelift is the \"correct purchase\" per used-buying consensus",
"used_price_by_year": "2022-2024: UNVERIFIED; 2025: €35,000-€70,000 (indicative, single video source); 2026: UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2022 (first-year cars, the 12V power-loss episode, earliest build quality and software)"
},
{
"model_slug": "nissan-altima",
"model_name": "Nissan Altima",
"price_usd": "27069",
"price_eur": "not officially sold",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED (sold as Teana)",
"used_price_signal": "Soft resale is buyer leverage; VC-Turbo trims add $3-5k",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota Camry / Honda Accord",
"value_call": "2023-2024 with full CVT service history - soft resale is the buyer's edge",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $15k-20k; 2022: $16k-21k; 2023: $18k-23k; 2024: $20k-25k; 2025: $22k-27k (all est. US)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023-2024",
"years_to_avoid": "none (CVT service history mandatory)"
},
{
"model_slug": "nissan-ariya",
"model_name": "Nissan Ariya",
"price_usd": "39770-54370",
"price_eur": "59350 (Spain, Evolve trim; documented)",
"price_cny": "not sold in CN",
"used_price_signal": "Fire-sale lease deals (historically ~$99/mo); steep real-world discounts",
"nearest_alternative": "Hyundai Ioniq 5 SE",
"value_call": "Only makes sense at discount/lease pricing — never at MSRP; sweet-spot year is 2024 (past launch-year recalls), skip 2023 without recall proof",
"used_price_by_year": "UNVERIFIED - no per-year aggregator data found",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2023"
},
{
"model_slug": "nissan-frontier",
"model_name": "Nissan Frontier",
"price_usd": "34119",
"price_eur": "not officially sold",
"price_cny": "not officially sold",
"used_price_signal": "Priced below Tacoma = the value play; PRO-4X/PRO-X add $4-7k",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota Tacoma",
"value_call": "2024 is the improved pick; or a sorted 2022-2023 at a discount with inspection",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $18k-25k; 2022: $24k-31k; 2023: $26k-33k; 2024: $29k-37k; 2025: $32k-40k (all est. US)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2022 early builds (unless discounted + inspected)"
},
{
"model_slug": "nissan-leaf",
"model_name": "Nissan Leaf",
"price_usd": "29990–38990 MSRP (+1495 dest); S+ $29990 / SV+ $34230 / Platinum+ $38990",
"price_eur": "sold Europe; exact 2026 pricing UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "not sold in China",
"used_price_signal": "CarGurus Sep 2026: 2022 avg ~$15800; 2023 ~$17200–18100; 2024 ~$19955–20955; 2025 ~$17700–20900",
"nearest_alternative": "Chevrolet Bolt EUV (used); Hyundai Kona Electric; Kia Niro EV",
"value_call": "BUY NEW 2026 S+ — cheapest new EV in US with NACS; budget alt: used 2024 SV Plus < $21k WITH LeafSpy battery check",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: UNVERIFIED; 2022: $9800–28800 avg ~$15800 (CarGurus); 2023: avg ~$17200–18100 (CarGurus); 2024: avg ~$19955–20955 (CarGurus); 2025: avg ~$17700–20900 (CarGurus); 2026: new $29990–38990 MSRP",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026",
"years_to_avoid": "2021, 2022 (fire-risk recall: Level 3 charging banned until 2026 software fix; + camera-harness and acceleration recalls); 2018–2020 (worst degradation era)"
},
{
"model_slug": "nissan-murano",
"model_name": "Nissan Murano",
"price_usd": "39010",
"price_eur": "not officially sold",
"price_cny": "not officially sold",
"used_price_signal": "Heavy new-car incentives ($4-5k customer cash) drag used values down",
"nearest_alternative": "Hyundai Santa Fe / Honda Passport",
"value_call": "2024 with CVT records, or 2025 on incentives - negotiate hard either way",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $19k-26k; 2022: $21k-28k; 2023: $24k-31k; 2024: $27k-34k; 2025: $33k-44k (all est. US)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024 with CVT records (or 2025 on incentives)",
"years_to_avoid": "2021-2022 without records"
},
{
"model_slug": "nissan-pathfinder",
"model_name": "Nissan Pathfinder",
"price_usd": "38995",
"price_eur": "N/A — not sold in EU",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "2022 S ~$19–25k; 2024 S ~$24.5k; Platinum ~$35k (KBB)",
"nearest_alternative": "Honda Pilot, Toyota Highlander, Kia Telluride",
"value_call": "Strong discount value new; used sweet spot 2024",
"used_price_by_year": "2022: ~$19–25k (S)–$33–36k (Platinum); 2023: ~$23–31k; 2024: ~$24.5–35k; 2025: ~$31–40k; 2026: new only",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2022; 2023"
},
{
"model_slug": "nissan-rogue",
"model_name": "Nissan Rogue",
"price_usd": "$28790 base (excl $1390 dest); ~$30485-$40485 w/ dest",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (sold as Nissan X-Trail in EU)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED (sold as Nissan X-Trail in China)",
"used_price_signal": "Falling: 2021 ~$18813; 2022 ~$19741; 2023 ~$22350; 2024 ~$20970; 2025 ~$23783 avg asking (CarGurus Sept 2026)",
"nearest_alternative": "Honda CR-V / Toyota RAV4 Hybrid (resale + trust)",
"value_call": "Buy newest used (2025) you can; ~$3500 customer cash + ~4.3% under MSRP on new 2026s",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$18813; 2022: ~$19741; 2023: ~$22350; 2024: ~$20970; 2025: ~$23783",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2021 (launch recall pile); 2022-2023 (first VC-Turbo years, bearing defect population)"
},
{
"model_slug": "nissan-sentra",
"model_name": "Nissan Sentra",
"price_usd": "23645-29235 incl $1245 dest (2026)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (not sold in EU)",
"price_cny": "China: Sylphy segment best-seller (pricing UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "Fleet depreciation = cheap used; bands UNVERIFIED",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota Corolla / Honda Civic / Hyundai Elantra",
"value_call": "Used 2022-2024 the value play; SV $24415 new sweet spot",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: UNVERIFIED; 2022: UNVERIFIED; 2023: UNVERIFIED; 2024: UNVERIFIED; 2025: UNVERIFIED; 2026: $23645-29235 new",
"sweet_spot_year": "2022-2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2020; 2026 (wait and see)"
},
{
"model_slug": "opel-astra",
"model_name": "Opel Astra",
"price_usd": "n/a (not sold)",
"price_eur": "~26500 (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "n/a (not sold)",
"used_price_signal": "Cheap used: 1.2T ~EUR 19k, 1.5D ~EUR 18.5k, PHEV ~EUR 21k (German listings)",
"nearest_alternative": "VW Golf / Peugeot 308 / Ford Focus",
"value_call": "Buy 2023-2024 with documented belt/chain status; late Astra K as budget play",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: EUR 19-24k L / 10-15k K; 2022: EUR 19-26k; 2023: ~EUR 19k (1.2T); 2024: 1.5D ~EUR 18.5k, PHEV ~EUR 21k; 2025-2026: new ~EUR 26.5k (bands UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023-2024 (sorted middle, bottom of depreciation)",
"years_to_avoid": "2021-2022 1.5D without chain-recall proof; any PureTech without belt history"
},
{
"model_slug": "opel-corsa",
"model_name": "Opel Corsa",
"price_usd": "Not sold in US",
"price_eur": "1.2T from 23340 / Hybrid 110 from 26760 / Hybrid 145 from 29950 / Electric from ~29900 / GSE 39900 (DE, 2026)",
"price_cny": "Not sold in China",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED",
"nearest_alternative": "Peugeot 208 (same platform, same belt caveat), Renault Clio E-Tech hybrid (no wet belt)",
"value_call": "2024 48V hybrid: facelift, chain-driven, no belt anxiety; Electric Long Range for urban+home charging. Reputation discount on PureTech cars is buyer opportunity only with documented belt service.",
"used_price_by_year": "UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2019-2020 and any 2021-2023 non-hybrid 1.2 PureTech without documented belt replacement; verify 2024 FR oil-nozzle recall on 2022-2024 builds"
},
{
"model_slug": "ora-03",
"model_name": "Ora 03 (Funky Cat)",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED (not sold US)",
"price_eur": "29195",
"price_cny": "38990",
"used_price_signal": "95000",
"nearest_alternative": "UNVERIFIED",
"value_call": "Used MG4 / used VW ID.3 / MINI Electric",
"used_price_by_year": "UK price is the argument; avoid German list prices and 2022-23 cars",
"sweet_spot_year": "UNVERIFIED",
"years_to_avoid": "2024"
},
{
"model_slug": "peugeot-208",
"model_name": "Peugeot 208",
"price_usd": "Not sold in US",
"price_eur": "UK e-208 stock from ~19000 GBP; FR 2026 list UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "Not sold in China",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED",
"nearest_alternative": "Opel Corsa (same platform, usually cheaper), Renault 5 (e-208 rival)",
"value_call": "2024 48V hybrid: facelift, chain, no belt anxiety. e-208 156 PS for electric (skip old 50 kWh). 2026 chain-engine cars: interesting but no owner record.",
"used_price_by_year": "UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2019-2020 and any 2021-2023 non-hybrid 1.2 PureTech without documented belt service; verify 2024 FR oil-nozzle recall"
},
{
"model_slug": "peugeot-3008",
"model_name": "Peugeot 3008",
"price_usd": "",
"price_eur": "43995",
"price_cny": "",
"used_price_signal": "2025 gen-3 cars softening from ambitious list; gen-2 PHEVs cheap with recall risk",
"nearest_alternative": "Tesla Model Y",
"value_call": "2025 Long Range if you love the cabin; otherwise Model Y wins on numbers",
"used_price_by_year": "2024: launch pricing firm; 2025: depreciation softens; gen-2: €20-28k with risk",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2024 launch cars; 2021-2022 PHEVs without recall proof"
},
{
"model_slug": "polestar-2",
"model_name": "Polestar 2",
"price_usd": "66200",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "US 2021-23 dual-motor $28k-35k; UK 2021-23 GBP 17k-22k; Polestar CPO 2022-23 $26k-28.5k; dealers offering $10k lease-buyout credits (Sept 2026)",
"nearest_alternative": "Tesla Model 3 / BMW i4",
"value_call": "Best used-EV bargain with an asterisk: buy 2024 LRSM used in EU/UK, or used in US at orphan discount; never buy new",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: UNVERIFIED (UK ~GBP 18k-22k 2026); 2022: $28k-31k US / GBP 17k-21k UK; 2023: $32k-36k US / GBP 17.5k-18.5k UK; 2024: $40k-46k US; 2025: new n/a US (withdrawn), UK 2025-reg GBP 32.9k-33.3k; 2026: n/a US",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2021 (launch glitch, oldest software); US 2025 (orphan recall year); buying new in US (exiting)"
},
{
"model_slug": "polestar-3",
"model_name": "Polestar 3",
"price_usd": "$67,500 from outset (2025 US); 2026 US UNVERIFIED",
"price_eur": "£69,990-£91,990 (2026 UK)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED (used market thin; expect steep EV depreciation)",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW iX / Audi Q6 e-tron / Mercedes EQE SUV",
"value_call": "Sweet spot is a new 2026 (new computer, 800V, new batteries — the finished car) or a cheap used 2024 with all OTAs applied; never pay near-original price for a 2024",
"used_price_by_year": "2024: UNVERIFIED; 2025: UNVERIFIED; 2026: £70k-£92k new (UK)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026",
"years_to_avoid": "2024 (unfinished launch software, dead buttons, key/door faults); caution on 2025 (old computer, camera recall)"
},
{
"model_slug": "polestar-4",
"model_name": "Polestar 4",
"price_usd": "62900",
"price_eur": "69900",
"price_cny": "398000",
"used_price_signal": "2025 cars below new; US-exit will pressure American residuals",
"nearest_alternative": "Tesla Model Y",
"value_call": "2025 in EU/CN; in US only at an exit-discounted price",
"used_price_by_year": "2024: €48-58k; 2025: $45-55k; 2026: new only",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2024 launch cars; any US car if resale matters"
},
{
"model_slug": "porsche-911",
"model_name": "Porsche 911",
"price_usd": "~$128k-$270k+ (Carrera base to Turbo S MSRP 2026)",
"price_eur": "from ~136000 (Carrera 992.2 DE)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "2021 Carrera ~$122k OTD asking; 992.1 GTS Cab bought $160k yr-ago (FB owner chatter, not listing-aggregated)",
"nearest_alternative": "Used 991.2 GT3 (involvement), Audi R8 V10 (theatre), 992.1 Carrera S (value)",
"value_call": "2022 992.1 GTS is the smart-money buy: last non-hybrid GTS, sorted production, holding value. New: Carrera starts ~136k EUR DE; expect +20-30% in options.",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$115-125k (Carrera, chatter); 2022: $150-170k (GTS, chatter); 2023: $130-150k (T, chatter); 2024+: UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2022",
"years_to_avoid": "2019 (first-year niggles), 2025 (first-year T-Hybrid, no long-term data); verify ARA9 on any 2024 with center-locks"
},
{
"model_slug": "porsche-cayenne",
"model_name": "Porsche Cayenne",
"price_usd": "$88,800 base V6 / $101,200 E-Hybrid / $158,995 Turbo E-Hybrid (2026 US)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED (no listing-aggregated pull this wave)",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW X5 xDrive50e (more EV range, cheaper to run), Range Rover Sport (image)",
"value_call": "2022 S or GTS used: mature pre-facelift, fully mapped failure catalog, pre-facelift pricing. E-Hybrid only if you charge nightly. CPO or budget a yearly repair fund.",
"used_price_by_year": "UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2022",
"years_to_avoid": "2019 (first-year niggles), 2023 (first facelift year, new-battery teething); 2026: do not confuse Electric vs combustion listings"
},
{
"model_slug": "porsche-macan-ev",
"model_name": "Porsche Macan EV",
"price_usd": "~73500+ (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_eur": "~84000+ (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "~723800 (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "Minimal used market; first-gen luxury-EV depreciation risk is the story",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW iX / Audi Q6 e-tron / Genesis Electrified GV70",
"value_call": "Lease new (4S or RWD); buy used only at steep discount in later years",
"used_price_by_year": "2024: near-new pricing; 2025-2026: new pricing (minimal used data)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025 (first full range year, early issues OTA-fixed)",
"years_to_avoid": "2024 launch cars (earliest software); GTS (awkward pricing vs Turbo)"
},
{
"model_slug": "porsche-taycan",
"model_name": "Porsche Taycan",
"price_usd": "$100k+ base to ~$232k (Turbo GT); Taycan 4 ~$116k (Aug 2026)",
"price_eur": "EUR 107,300+ (Taycan 4, Germany)",
"price_cny": "CNY 918,000-1,568,000 (Sept 2026)",
"used_price_signal": "CarGurus US Aug 2026: 2021 $68.5k avg / 2022 $70.0k / 2023 $78.0k / 2024 $94.3k — brutal depreciation from $103k+ MSRP",
"nearest_alternative": "Audi RS e-tron GT; Lucid Air; Tesla Model S Plaid",
"value_call": "Sweet spot: 2025 facelift (new 105 kWh pack, 320 kW, outside recall cohort) — verify battery health in writing; used 2021-22 only at steep discount with documented module replacement",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $68.5k avg; 2022: $70.0k; 2023: $78.0k; 2024: $94.3k; 2025-2026: new $100k-232k (used UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2020-2021 (earliest batteries, heaviest recall/heater/12V exposure, class-action core); 2022-2024 only with documented module replacement"
},
{
"model_slug": "ram-1500",
"model_name": "Ram 1500",
"price_usd": "40275",
"price_eur": "N/A (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "N/A",
"used_price_signal": "2022 Hemi ~$35k; dealers discounting 2026 $11k+ off",
"nearest_alternative": "Ford F-150 / Chevrolet Silverado 1500 / Toyota Tundra",
"value_call": "2021-2024 Hemi inspected, or 2026 Hemi; never a 2025 Hurricane",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$32k | 2022: ~$35k | 2023: ~$38k | 2024: ~$42k | 2025: ~$38k (lawsuit discount) (UNVERIFIED interpolations)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2022-2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2025 Hurricane (first year); 2019 with unaddressed air suspension/rear-window leak"
},
{
"model_slug": "ram-1500-rev",
"model_name": "Ram 1500 REV",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED (no confirmed MSRP)",
"price_eur": "",
"price_cny": "",
"used_price_signal": "No market exists",
"nearest_alternative": "Ford F-150 Lightning / Chevrolet Silverado EV",
"value_call": "Do not buy or reserve on specs alone - wait for production reality",
"used_price_by_year": "2021-2026: not sold; no used market",
"sweet_spot_year": "N/A",
"years_to_avoid": "All (not on sale; cancelled BEV + delayed to ~Apr 2027)"
},
{
"model_slug": "renault-austral",
"model_name": "Renault Austral",
"price_usd": "",
"price_eur": "41900",
"price_cny": "",
"used_price_signal": "2025 late-gen cars discounted vs 2026 facelift pricing",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota RAV4 Hybrid",
"value_call": "Only at a big discount vs RAV4 and inside warranty",
"used_price_by_year": "2022: €20-26k; 2023: €22-28k; 2024: €24-30k; 2025: €26-33k; 2026: new only",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2022"
},
{
"model_slug": "renault-captur",
"model_name": "Renault Captur",
"price_usd": "UK MY26 GBP 22,495 (TCe 115 Evolution) - 28,795 (E-Tech 160 Esprit Alpine); facelift launched 2024 from GBP 21,095",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED band (facelift-era cars; UK figures adjacent)",
"price_cny": "Not sold (US/CN)",
"used_price_signal": "UK: 2021 E-Tech 37k mi GBP 10,850 / 2023 Techno 64k mi GBP 12,140 / 2024 E-Tech 20k mi GBP 17,495 / 2026 Esprit Alpine 5k mi GBP 23,495 (Sept 2026)",
"nearest_alternative": "Nissan Juke Hybrid; Ford Puma; Dacia Duster Hybrid",
"value_call": "2024 facelift E-Tech 145 used (~GBP 17.5k at 20k mi): sorted car, 40% off new; nearly-new beats new on depreciation",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: used GBP ~10.9k (E-Tech); 2022: -; 2023: used GBP ~12.1k; 2024: new from GBP 21,095 / used GBP ~17.5k; 2025: -; 2026: new GBP 22,495-28,795 / used GBP ~23.5k (EU/US/CN UNVERIFIED or not sold)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2020-2021 E-Tech (early electronic bugs/transitions); PHEV (orphan powertrain); high-mileage 1.3 TCe EDC without history"
},
{
"model_slug": "renault-clio",
"model_name": "Renault Clio",
"price_usd": "Not sold in US",
"price_eur": "Clio 6 new FR: TCe 115 from 19900 / E-Tech 160 from 24600-29300 (2026)",
"price_cny": "Not sold in China",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota Yaris hybrid (mature hybrid), Peugeot 208 (shared segment)",
"value_call": "2024 Clio 5 E-Tech 145: late facelift, issues mapped and fixed under warranty, used prices softening as Clio 6 lands. 1.0 TCe for zero-drama cheap motoring.",
"used_price_by_year": "UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2020-2021 E-Tech (early multimode teething, Onduflex alerts); 2026 Clio 6 (first-year new 1.8 hybrid, no long-term record)"
},
{
"model_slug": "renault-megane-e-tech",
"model_name": "Renault Megane E-Tech",
"price_usd": "",
"price_eur": "30000",
"price_cny": "",
"used_price_signal": "2023 cars trade below ID.3 equivalents; 2022 cheapest for a reason",
"nearest_alternative": "MG4",
"value_call": "Buy 2023 post-sealant-fix or 2026 facelift new; skip 2022 without bulletin proof",
"used_price_by_year": "2022: cheapest (defect risk); 2023: best value; 2024: steady; 2025: facelift premium",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2022 without sealant-bulletin proof"
},
{
"model_slug": "rivian-r1s",
"model_name": "Rivian R1S",
"price_usd": "$83990-$121990 base + $1895 dest (2026: Dual $83990 / Tri $106990 / Quad $121990; all-in ~$85885-$123885)",
"price_eur": "N/A (not sold in EU)",
"price_cny": "N/A (not sold in China)",
"used_price_signal": "Falling: 2022 from ~$43800; 2023 from ~$49800 (avg ~$62500); 2024 from ~$57700 (avg ~$67700, -5.7% YoY); 2025 from ~$65600; 2026 from ~$75000 (TrueCar/CarGurus Sept 2026); 4.71/5 owner rating",
"nearest_alternative": "Kia EV9 (value) / Lucid Gravity (dynamics) / GMC Hummer EV (off-road cred)",
"value_call": "Buy used 2024 (late sorted Gen 1, most recalls remedied, falling prices); stretch to 2025+ for Gen-2 platform if budget allows",
"used_price_by_year": "2022: from ~$43800; 2023: from ~$49800 / avg ~$62500; 2024: from ~$57700 / avg ~$67700; 2025: from ~$65600; 2026: from ~$75000 used / $85885-$123885 new",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2022-2023 (launch-year build quality + recall/complaint peak)"
},
{
"model_slug": "rivian-r1t",
"model_name": "Rivian R1T",
"price_usd": "$72990–115990 (+$1895 dest; US; no federal EV credit)",
"price_eur": "not officially sold EU",
"price_cny": "not officially sold China",
"used_price_signal": "used 2022 Launch Edition <$50000 / <35k mi (documented forum buy); 40–50% depreciation in 3 yrs",
"nearest_alternative": "Chevrolet Silverado EV; Tesla Cybertruck",
"value_call": "USED Gen-1 in warranty near a service center = the steal; new buyers take 2025 Gen-2",
"used_price_by_year": "2022: ~$45000–50000; 2023: UNVERIFIED; 2024: UNVERIFIED; 2025: UNVERIFIED; 2026: new $72990–115990",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2022 (first-year roulette; anchors 18/100 CR score)"
},
{
"model_slug": "rivian-r2",
"model_name": "Rivian R2",
"price_usd": "~$45000 base single-motor (promised, later) to ~$65000+ Launch Edition dual-motor (UNVERIFIED ladder); shipping dual-motor Launch Editions first",
"price_eur": "N/A (US only at launch)",
"price_cny": "N/A (not sold in China)",
"used_price_signal": "No used market (deliveries began Jun 2026); ~5000 units targeted by end 2026",
"nearest_alternative": "Tesla Model Y / Hyundai Ioniq 5 / Kia EV6 (mainstream 2-row EV crossovers)",
"value_call": "Wait: buy the base single-motor at the promised $45k, or wait for first used cars (late 2027+) once launch demand cools; lease if impatient",
"used_price_by_year": "2026: ~$45000-$65000+ new (UNVERIFIED); no used data",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026",
"years_to_avoid": "None yet - treat 2026 Launch Edition as first-year risk (no track record)"
},
{
"model_slug": "roewe-d7",
"model_name": "Roewe D7",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED (not sold US)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (not sold EU)",
"price_cny": "130000",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED (single UAE listing AED 81",
"nearest_alternative": "995)",
"value_call": "BYD Seal / Toyota Camry Hybrid",
"used_price_by_year": "China: screaming deal; ME: buy MG8 PHEV w/ warranty; elsewhere: no buy",
"sweet_spot_year": "UNVERIFIED",
"years_to_avoid": "2024"
},
{
"model_slug": "skoda-enyaq",
"model_name": "Skoda Enyaq",
"price_usd": "US: not sold; EU: yes; CN: not sold",
"price_eur": "35000-41000 (GBP new)",
"price_cny": "not sold",
"used_price_signal": "not sold",
"nearest_alternative": "UK used: 2021 £11-17k, 2022 £16-19k, 2023 £18-25k, 2024 £21-30k, 2025 £24-36k",
"value_call": "Kia EV6, Tesla Model Y, VW ID.4",
"used_price_by_year": "Sweet spot: 2023 85 used (~£18-25k); check 12V + software",
"sweet_spot_year": "2021: £11-17k; 2022: £16-19k; 2023: £18-25k; 2024: £21-30k; 2025: £24-36k; 2026: new £35k-41k",
"years_to_avoid": "2023 (85)"
},
{
"model_slug": "skoda-kodiaq",
"model_name": "Skoda Kodiaq",
"price_usd": "N/A (not sold in USA)",
"price_eur": "EUR 39,625 (1.5 e-TEC) / 45,912 (iV PHEV) / 54,939 (RS) — Romania 2026; UK GBP 39,045-54,655; Spain from EUR 46,800 (discounted 43,660)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED (sold in China; price not observed)",
"used_price_signal": "Thin: CZ used 2025 iV ~EUR 39.5k; PT used 2026 iV Sportline EUR 45,990/4,487 km",
"nearest_alternative": "VW Tiguan Allspace; Hyundai Santa Fe Hybrid; Jaecoo 8 SHS",
"value_call": "Used 2022 2.0 TDI 150 (gen-1 facelift, proven) = value buy; new: 2025+ over 2024 launch cars; iV only if you will actually charge it",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: UNVERIFIED; 2022: UNVERIFIED; 2023: UNVERIFIED; 2024: new EUR ~40-55k; 2025: used iV ~EUR 39.5k (CZ); 2026: new EUR 39.6k+ / used iV EUR 46k (PT)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2022",
"years_to_avoid": "2024 (first-year gen-2: MIB bugs, iV ghost-braking reports); 2021 (facelift launch: 12V battery, PTC heater relay complaints)"
},
{
"model_slug": "skoda-octavia",
"model_name": "Skoda Octavia",
"price_usd": "US: not sold; EU: yes; CN: not (Octavia Pro is different car)",
"price_eur": "26000-33000 (GBP new)",
"price_cny": "not sold",
"used_price_signal": "not sold",
"nearest_alternative": "UK used: 2021 £11-14k, 2022 £11-16k, 2023 £13-22k, 2024 £15-23k, 2025 £23-31k",
"value_call": "VW Golf, Toyota Corolla TS, Peugeot 308 SW",
"used_price_by_year": "Sweet spot: 2023 1.5 eTSI or 2.0 TDI estate (~£13-22k)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2021: £11-14k; 2022: £11-16k; 2023: £13-22k; 2024: £15-23k; 2025: £23-31k; 2026: new £26k-33k",
"years_to_avoid": "2023"
},
{
"model_slug": "skoda-superb",
"model_name": "Skoda Superb",
"price_usd": "n/a (not sold)",
"price_eur": "~40000 (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "marginal (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "Late Mk3 (2022-2023) is the value king; Mk4 new premium pays for unproven car",
"nearest_alternative": "VW Passat / Peugeot 508 / Toyota Camry",
"value_call": "Buy late Mk3 2022-2023 with DSG history; Mk4 PHEV only if range verifies",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: EUR 16-24k; 2022: EUR 18-26k; 2023: EUR 22-32k; 2024-2026: new ~EUR 40k (bands UNVERIFIED estimates)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2022-2023 Mk3 (all issues known, depreciation done)",
"years_to_avoid": "2024-2025 Mk4 (no reliability rating yet) for reliability-first buyers"
},
{
"model_slug": "smart-1",
"model_name": "Smart #1",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED (not sold US)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (UK GBP 31",
"price_cny": "950; EU pricing varies)",
"used_price_signal": "194200",
"nearest_alternative": "UNVERIFIED",
"value_call": "Kia EV3 / Skoda Elroq / used Volvo EX30",
"used_price_by_year": "Best hardware in cluster",
"sweet_spot_year": " worst nannies; buy 2025 post-recall; skip 2023",
"years_to_avoid": "UNVERIFIED"
},
{
"model_slug": "subaru-brz",
"model_name": "Subaru BRZ",
"price_usd": "35860-38360 (Limited / tS MSRP)",
"price_eur": "Not sold in EU (second-gen sales ended; exact year UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED (sold in China via import; price UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "Strong enthusiast demand; tS holds best",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota GR86",
"value_call": "The affordable RWD sports car benchmark — street cars are honest; track cars need oiling precautions; tS is the pick for track users",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$24k-$28k; 2022: ~$25k-$29k; 2023: ~$26k-$30k; 2024: ~$28k-$33k; 2025: ~$30k-$35k; 2026: new only (US asking bands, Sept 2026; approximate, UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2022 (track-use RTV/oiling caveat)"
},
{
"model_slug": "subaru-crosstrek",
"model_name": "Subaru Crosstrek",
"price_usd": "$28415 gas base - $36415 Limited Hybrid (2026, incl dest)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (sold in EU as Crosstrek e-Boxer)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "Steady: 2021 ~$21003; 2022 ~$22692; 2023 ~$24215; 2024 ~$26449; 2025 ~$29014 avg asking (CarGurus Sept 2026); 4.64/5 owner rating",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota Corolla Cross Hybrid (42mpg but no mechanical AWD)",
"value_call": "Buy used 2022 gas (mature gen-2, 2.5L avail, ~$22.7k); wait on 2026 hybrid until recall + first year shake out",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $20494-22325; 2022: $21997-24040; 2023: $23974-25415; 2024: $25959-28139; 2025: $28856-30430; 2026: $28415-36415 new",
"sweet_spot_year": "2022",
"years_to_avoid": "2026 Hybrid (first-year powertrain + park-outside fire recall); 2021 early-build (VIN-check inhibitor switch)"
},
{
"model_slug": "subaru-forester",
"model_name": "Subaru Forester",
"price_usd": "Gas from $29,995; Hybrid ~$34,730-$36,180 (2026)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (e-Boxer sold in EU)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "CarGurus avg mid-2026: 2021 $22,500; 2022 $25,200; 2023 $27,700; 2024 $29,600; 2025 $32,000",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota RAV4 Hybrid; Honda CR-V Hybrid",
"value_call": "Buy a 2024 gas used; hybrid buyers: late-build 2025 or 2026 (Toyota hardware, low first-year risk)",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$22,500 avg; 2022: ~$25,200 avg; 2023: ~$27,700 avg; 2024: ~$29,600 avg; 2025: ~$32,000 avg; 2026: $29,995+ gas / ~$34,730+ hybrid new",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2021 (TCV history); early-build 2025 hybrid; 2025 gas at new pricing"
},
{
"model_slug": "subaru-outback",
"model_name": "Subaru Outback",
"price_usd": "$34995-$47995 + $1450 dest (2026; Base trim killed)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (sold in EU as 2.5L only)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "Falling on 2023-2025: 2021 ~$22261; 2022 ~$24009; 2023 ~$26341; 2024 ~$28971; 2025 ~$32314 avg asking (CarGurus Sept 2026)",
"nearest_alternative": "Honda Passport / Toyota RAV4 (refinement + resale)",
"value_call": "Buy 2024 (late sorted gen-6, warranty, falling prices); turbo if you merge with conviction",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $21912-23953; 2022: $24005-26218; 2023: $26341-28333; 2024: $28476-30910; 2025: $32314-33925; 2026: $34995-47995 new",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2020 (launch pile); 2026 (first-year redesign risk + price jump)"
},
{
"model_slug": "subaru-solterra",
"model_name": "Subaru Solterra",
"price_usd": "38495 (before destination; $34",
"price_eur": "945 incl. dest. figure UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "Sold in EU; 2026 EU pricing UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "Not officially sold (UNVERIFIED)",
"nearest_alternative": "Steep early depreciation makes used 2023-2024 the deal; 2026 refresh resets the curve",
"value_call": "Toyota bZ4X",
"used_price_by_year": "2026 refresh is the car to buy new; used 2024s are the value if you can live with slow charging; skip 2023 launch cars at 2023 prices",
"sweet_spot_year": "2021: n/a (not sold); 2022: n/a US; 2023: ~$24k-$29k; 2024: ~$26k-$31k; 2025: ~$29k-$34k; 2026: new only (US asking bands, Sept 2026; approximate, UNVERIFIED)",
"years_to_avoid": "2026"
},
{
"model_slug": "subaru-wrx",
"model_name": "Subaru WRX",
"price_usd": "32495",
"price_eur": "N/A — not officially sold in EU (grey imports only)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "2022 ~$21–28k; 2024 ~$25–32k; 2025 ~$27–34k",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota GR Corolla, VW Golf GTI, Honda Civic Type R",
"value_call": "Strong enthusiast value; 2024 TR is the buy",
"used_price_by_year": "2022: ~$21–28k; 2023: ~$23–30k; 2024: ~$25–32k; 2025: ~$27–34k; 2026: new $32.5–45k",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2022; 2021 (old VA gen)"
},
{
"model_slug": "suzuki-jimny",
"model_name": "Suzuki Jimny",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED US (not officially sold - grey import only)",
"price_eur": "£27k-34k new retail / ~£25k used 2025 (UK); £16,796 ex VAT at LCV launch; Nomade 5dr imports £31.5-34k",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED (no official sale)",
"used_price_signal": "UK used: 2021 ~£18-24k; 2022 ~£20-25k; 2023 ~£22-27k (approx, aggregators); cult demand inflates prices",
"nearest_alternative": "Jeep Wrangler (far bigger/pricier); Dacia Duster 4x4 (cheaper, less capable)",
"value_call": "Best buy: 2022 3-door (post-recall builds, mature, ~£20-25k UK); US buyers price in zero dealer support",
"used_price_by_year": "UK approx: 2021: £18-24k; 2022: £20-25k; 2023: £22-27k; 2024: ~£24-25k used; 2025: ~£25k used / £28-34k new; 2026: £27-34k new retail",
"sweet_spot_year": "2022",
"years_to_avoid": "2018-2020 builds (fuel pump + airbag + braking recalls - verify VIN); 2024-2025 India-built 5-door (stop-sale saga)"
},
{
"model_slug": "suzuki-swift",
"model_name": "Suzuki Swift",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED",
"price_eur": "19799 GBP (~$25k)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "Used 2024 from ~₹7–8.5L India; UK 3rd-gen ~£7–14k",
"nearest_alternative": "Dacia Sandero, Toyota Yaris, used 3rd-gen Swift",
"value_call": "Cheapest new fun in EU; India value king",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: 3rd-gen used ~£7–11k. 2022–2023: ~£8–14k. 2024: new £19.8k / ₹6.49–9.64L. 2025: new; 2024 used ~₹7–8.5L. 2026: new",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "none clearly — avoid early-2024 launch batch without ECU update if picky"
},
{
"model_slug": "suzuki-vitara",
"model_name": "Suzuki Vitara",
"price_usd": "Not sold in US",
"price_eur": "23600+ GBP (UK from £23,600); euro-zone pricing UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "Not officially sold",
"used_price_signal": "Steep new-car depreciation; 2-3yr used is the buy",
"nearest_alternative": "Dacia Duster",
"value_call": "Boringly reliable small SUV — buy used in the UK/EU, never new; mild hybrid, not a real hybrid",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~£11k-£14k; 2022: ~£13k-£16k; 2023: ~£15k-£18k; 2024: ~£17k-£21k; 2025: ~£19k-£23k; 2026: new only (UK asking bands, Sept 2026; approximate, UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2021-2022 (pre-facelift infotainment)"
},
{
"model_slug": "tata-curvv",
"model_name": "Tata Curvv",
"price_usd": "",
"price_eur": "",
"price_cny": "",
"used_price_signal": "2024 EV 45k km offered at INR 16.5L (Autocar India forum)",
"nearest_alternative": "MG ZS EV / Mahindra BE.06",
"value_call": "2025-26 EV 55kWh is the pick; used 2024 is the bargain",
"used_price_by_year": "2024: ~INR 14-17L; 2025: ~INR 15-18L; 2026: new INR 17.49-21.99L (UNVERIFIED bands)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025-2026 (EV, post-niggle fixes)",
"years_to_avoid": "2024 (early builds); petrol+DCT unless discounted"
},
{
"model_slug": "tata-nexon-ev",
"model_name": "Tata Nexon EV",
"price_usd": "n/a",
"price_eur": "n/a",
"price_cny": "",
"used_price_signal": "Early cars trade at steep discounts (bands UNVERIFIED)",
"nearest_alternative": "MG ZS EV; Mahindra XUV 3XO EV; Tata Punch EV",
"value_call": "Buy 2025–26 45 kWh with lifetime battery warranty only",
"used_price_by_year": "2020–22: steep discounts, out-of-warranty battery risk (bands UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025 (45 kWh)",
"years_to_avoid": "2020–2022"
},
{
"model_slug": "tata-punch",
"model_name": "Tata Punch",
"price_usd": "n/a",
"price_eur": "n/a",
"price_cny": "",
"used_price_signal": "Strong residuals as best-seller (bands UNVERIFIED)",
"nearest_alternative": "Hyundai Exter; Maruti Fronx; MG Windsor (EV)",
"value_call": "Buy 2026 facelift; NA petrol is the safe pick",
"used_price_by_year": "2021–22: cheapest, worst QC (bands UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026",
"years_to_avoid": "2021–2022"
},
{
"model_slug": "tesla-cybertruck",
"model_name": "Tesla Cybertruck",
"price_usd": "74990–99990 (US; Aug 2026: AWD $74990 Premium AWD $84990 Cyberbeast $99990)",
"price_eur": "not officially sold EU",
"price_cny": "not officially sold China",
"used_price_signal": "used 2024 avg ~$79500 (CarGurus 268 listings)",
"nearest_alternative": "Rivian R1T; Chevrolet Silverado EV",
"value_call": "BUY NEW 2026 or nothing — used 2024s cost MORE than new 2026 base; 2026 base AWD is the only value play",
"used_price_by_year": "2024: $78700–82800 avg ~$79500 (CarGurus); 2025: UNVERIFIED; 2026: new $74990–99990",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026",
"years_to_avoid": "2024 (recall epicenter, early-build quality); 2023 Foundation Series (early VINs at $120k)"
},
{
"model_slug": "tesla-model-3",
"model_name": "Tesla Model 3",
"price_usd": "36990-54490",
"price_eur": "~39000 (one owner purchase documented, EU)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "Heavy used supply; 2021-2023 cars are the cheapest way into a long-range EV",
"nearest_alternative": "Hyundai Ioniq 5 SE",
"value_call": "Best efficiency-per-dollar in the class; sweet-spot used buy is 2023 (mature pre-Highland); skip 2021 (heat-pump teething, recall-heavy)",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$18k-$28k; 2022: ~$23k-$30k; 2023: ~$26k-$33k; 2024: ~$33k-$40k; 2025: ~$33k-$40k+; 2026: new only (ballpark US asking; late-2025/2026 aggregator data)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2021"
},
{
"model_slug": "tesla-model-s",
"model_name": "Tesla Model S",
"price_usd": "90755 avg new 2025 (CarEdge); 2025 refresh pricing ~$84,990/$99,990 UNVERIFIED",
"price_eur": "Sold in Europe — current pricing UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "Sold in China — current pricing UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "Fire-sale market: 2021 at $39k vs ~$120k original; 2022 at $43k vs $125k+ peak; the depreciation is the value proposition",
"nearest_alternative": "Porsche Taycan (better built, worse range, scarier bills), Lucid Air (better car, worse company/charging), BMW i5",
"value_call": "Buy the 2022: misses the 2021 recall avalanche, 37% of peak-era MSRP (~$43k), battery warranty to 2030; 2021 cheaper but a gamble",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$39,036; 2022: ~$43,190; 2023: ~$50,696; 2024: ~$59,578; 2025: ~$90,755 new; 2026: new",
"sweet_spot_year": "2022",
"years_to_avoid": "2021"
},
{
"model_slug": "tesla-model-x",
"model_name": "Tesla Model X",
"price_usd": "95755 avg new 2025 (CarEdge)",
"price_eur": "Sold in Europe — current pricing UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "Sold in China — current pricing UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "2021s at ~$36.6k (~34% of original price); 2022 at ~$49.9k vs $133,440 peak-era average; sellers above $55k for 2022s are fantasy (CarEdge $49,925)",
"nearest_alternative": "Rivian R1S (the one defecting owners actually buy), used Model Y, BMW iX",
"value_call": "Buy the 2022: past the 23-recall storm, 37.4% of peak-era MSRP, battery warranty to 2030; the 2021 is a project, not a daily",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$36,569; 2022: ~$49,925; 2023: ~$54,476; 2024: ~$57,745; 2025: ~$95,755 new; 2026: new",
"sweet_spot_year": "2022",
"years_to_avoid": "2021"
},
{
"model_slug": "tesla-model-y",
"model_name": "Tesla Model Y",
"price_usd": "44990-57490",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (~44990 per secondary source)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "Large used market; Juniper refresh is depressing pre-facelift prices",
"nearest_alternative": "Ford Mustang Mach-E Premium",
"value_call": "Pay for the Supercharger network and software, not the badge; sweet-spot used buy is 2023 pre-Juniper (HW4, comfort suspension); skip 2021 (recall-heavy)",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$16k-$28k; 2022: ~$19k-$32k; 2023: ~$19k-$33k; 2024: ~$24k-$38k; 2025 (Juniper): early used ~$28k+ UNVERIFIED; 2026: new only (ballpark US asking; Sep 2026 aggregator data)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2021"
},
{
"model_slug": "toyota-4runner",
"model_name": "Toyota 4Runner",
"price_usd": "$41,570-$67,900 (2026 MSRP excl. $1,495 dest)",
"price_eur": "Not sold in EU",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "CarGurus avg Sep 2026: 2021 $37,190; 2022 $39,707; 2023 $44,448; 2024 $46,701; 2025 $50,300",
"nearest_alternative": "Used Lexus GX 460; Ford Bronco; Jeep Wrangler",
"value_call": "Buy a 2022-2023 5th gen V6 used; skip 2025 first-year 6th gen at MSRP — dealer discounts ~$4k already emerging",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$37,190 avg; 2022: ~$39,707 avg; 2023: ~$44,448 avg; 2024: ~$46,701 avg; 2025: ~$50,300 avg; 2026: new only",
"sweet_spot_year": "2022-2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2025 (first-year 6th gen); 2024 (last-V6 price premium)"
},
{
"model_slug": "toyota-bz4x",
"model_name": "Toyota bZ4X",
"price_usd": "34900 (2026 bZ base before dest)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "2023 KBB $21700-23200 after 52-54 pct 3-yr depreciation",
"nearest_alternative": "Subaru Solterra / Hyundai Ioniq 5",
"value_call": "New 2026 is the smart buy; lease or avoid used 2022-2023",
"used_price_by_year": "2022: $18k-27k; 2023: $21.7k-23.2k; 2024: UNVERIFIED; 2025: $27k-44k; 2026: new only",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026",
"years_to_avoid": "2022; 2023"
},
{
"model_slug": "toyota-camry-hybrid",
"model_name": "Toyota Camry Hybrid",
"price_usd": "$29,100–$37,070",
"price_eur": "~€46,000 (UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "¥179,800–259,800 (指导价)",
"used_price_signal": "FB owner: $26k street for LE — same powertrain as $40k XSE | Street ~¥32k–39k under MSRP",
"nearest_alternative": "UNVERIFIED (not extracted in this cluster's evidence)",
"value_call": "LE trim universally praised as the value sweet spot; Carvana near-par resale anecdote",
"used_price_by_year": "2021 ~$23.5–24.2k; 2022 ~$24.7–25.2k; 2023 ~$26.5–27.2k; 2024 ~$29.2k; 2025 UNVERIFIED band (~$30k+ est.); 2026 new — CarGurus US Sept 2026",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023 (mature post-facelift gen 8; proven 208-hp system; 5/5 owner ratings; sub-$27k)",
"years_to_avoid": "2025 (first-year gen 9; 26V511 cluster recall population; early wind-noise reports)"
},
{
"model_slug": "toyota-corolla",
"model_name": "Toyota Corolla",
"price_usd": "from $22,725 (LE sedan)",
"price_eur": "~€30,300 street (new 2.0 Hybrid, DE dealer listings; UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "~¥120,000–¥140,000 (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "rock-solid resale; 200k+ mile cars defended in groups; used bands: 2021 ~$11–16k, 2022 ~$16–21k, 2023 ~$18–23k (UNVERIFIED), 2024 ~$21–27k, 2025 ~$21–26k, 2026 ~$24–30k (UNVERIFIED)",
"nearest_alternative": "Honda Civic 2.0",
"value_call": "Buy the LE and drive it 15 years; hybrid LE at $24,975 is the smarter-money pick. Used sweet spot: 2025 (post-refresh, 2 recalls, cleanest record). Skip 2023 unless steering-shaft + airbag spiral-cable recalls verified done.",
"used_price_by_year": "2021 ~$11-16k; 2022 ~$16-21k; 2023 ~$18-23k (UNVERIFIED); 2024 ~$21-27k; 2025 ~$21-26k; 2026 ~$24-30k (UNVERIFIED)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2023"
},
{
"model_slug": "toyota-corolla-cross",
"model_name": "Toyota Corolla Cross",
"price_usd": "29795 hybrid S AWD + $1450 dest; gas from ~$25000 (UNVERIFIED exact)",
"price_eur": "41290 listed (AT motor show; €37972 discounted sticker)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "Toyota-typical strong residuals; bands UNVERIFIED",
"nearest_alternative": "Honda HR-V hybrid / Kia Niro hybrid",
"value_call": "Hybrid only; gas model is a skip; 2026 hybrid best value",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: UNVERIFIED; 2022: UNVERIFIED; 2023: UNVERIFIED; 2024: UNVERIFIED; 2025: UNVERIFIED; 2026: $29795-33830 + dest (hybrid)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026",
"years_to_avoid": "2022; 2023"
},
{
"model_slug": "toyota-highlander",
"model_name": "Toyota Highlander",
"price_usd": "~40700 (2025 base MSRP; 2026 listed from 47865 UNVERIFIED)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (sold as hybrid)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED (sold)",
"used_price_signal": "Hybrids hold value best; 2021 gas models discounted for transmission risk",
"nearest_alternative": "Kia Telluride / Hyundai Palisade",
"value_call": "Buy the hybrid - the eCVT sidesteps the one real risk; 2021 gas only at a steep discount",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $26k-33k; 2022: $29k-36k; 2023: $33k-40k; 2024: $36k-44k; 2025: $40k-48k (all est. US)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024 hybrid",
"years_to_avoid": "2021 gas"
},
{
"model_slug": "toyota-land-cruiser",
"model_name": "Toyota Land Cruiser",
"price_usd": "$57,200-$62,045 (2026 MSRP excl. dest)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "Used 2024 from $44,900 (Autotrader/TrueCar, Sep 2026)",
"nearest_alternative": "Lexus GX550 Overtrail; Ford Bronco; 2021 J200 V8",
"value_call": "Buy used 2025; skip 2024 launch-year at MSRP",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $64,420+; 2024: $44,900-$66,000; 2025: $52,500+; 2026 new $57,200-$62,045",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2024"
},
{
"model_slug": "toyota-prius",
"model_name": "Toyota Prius",
"price_usd": "$28,550–$35,565 (KBB $29,745 incl dest)",
"price_eur": "~€45,990 PHEV-only (DE, ADAC)",
"price_cny": "not sold",
"used_price_signal": "Fair Purchase $560–895 under MSRP | No 5th-gen launch in China (UNVERIFIED)",
"nearest_alternative": "UNVERIFIED (not extracted in this cluster's evidence)",
"value_call": "Base LE is the community's value pick; 57 mpg at <$30k",
"used_price_by_year": "2021 ~$21.6–21.8k; 2022 ~$23.6–23.7k; 2023 ~$28.2–28.3k; 2024 ~$29.7–29.8k; 2025 ~$30.1–30.7k; 2026 new — CarGurus US national avg Sept 2026",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024 (second-year gen 5; door-latch recall fixed; running changes in; depreciation off 2025/2026)",
"years_to_avoid": "2023 (first-year gen 5; door-latch recall population; 12V teething)"
},
{
"model_slug": "toyota-rav4-hybrid",
"model_name": "Toyota RAV4 Hybrid",
"price_usd": "$31,900–$43,300 (+$1,450 dest)",
"price_eur": "~€43,990 (DE, 2026 HEV FWD)",
"price_cny": "¥169,800–228,800 (指导价)",
"used_price_signal": "Fair Purchase ~$560–900 under MSRP; 2026 ~$950 cheaper than outgoing hybrid | Street ~¥20k under MSRP; 2.0L双擎 entry",
"nearest_alternative": "UNVERIFIED (not extracted in this cluster's evidence)",
"value_call": "Strong value: cheapest way into a 226-hp hybrid SUV; deep used market",
"used_price_by_year": "2021 $26.1–30.4k; 2022 $28.4–31.0k; 2023 $30–34k (UNVERIFIED exact); 2024 $32.3–38.4k; 2025 thin supply (UNVERIFIED); 2026 new — CarGurus US regional avg Sept 2026",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024 (redesigned cable connector; 2023+ infotainment; 80/100 reliability; depreciation taken)",
"years_to_avoid": "2021–2022 (sealed-connector Cablegate window; dated infotainment)"
},
{
"model_slug": "toyota-sienna",
"model_name": "Toyota Sienna",
"price_usd": "40120 LE FWD to 57510 Platinum AWD (2026)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (Canada from $53424 CAD)",
"price_cny": "not sold in China",
"used_price_signal": "2017 with 58k mi listed just under $24k; 10-yr vans near $25k (forum)",
"nearest_alternative": "Honda Odyssey / Kia Carnival Hybrid",
"value_call": "XLE $44820 new is the value trim; used 2022-2024 over 2025",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: UNVERIFIED; 2022: UNVERIFIED; 2023: UNVERIFIED; 2024: UNVERIFIED; 2025: UNVERIFIED; 2026: $40120-57510 new",
"sweet_spot_year": "2022-2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2025 (built Jan 14-Jul 24"
},
{
"model_slug": "toyota-supra",
"model_name": "Toyota GR Supra",
"price_usd": "56900",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED ~68000+",
"price_cny": "not officially sold (UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "Sports-car depreciation curve; 2021s hold value on tunability; manuals command premiums",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW Z4 M40i (same platform); Nissan Z",
"value_call": "Buy the 2021: last cheap ticket into a genuinely great sports car; manuals worth the premium",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $34k-42k; 2022: $36k-44k; 2023: $42k-50k; 2024: $45k-55k; 2025: $48k-58k (all est. US)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2021",
"years_to_avoid": "none hard (2026 carries new-car premium pricing)"
},
{
"model_slug": "toyota-tacoma",
"model_name": "Toyota Tacoma",
"price_usd": "34290",
"price_eur": "not officially sold",
"price_cny": "not officially sold",
"used_price_signal": "Class-leading resale; 4WD/TRD trims add $4-8k",
"nearest_alternative": "Nissan Frontier",
"value_call": "2023 is the safe used buy; 2024+ if you trust the turbo era - inspect early builds",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $27k-36k; 2022: $29k-38k; 2023: $32k-41k; 2024: $36k-48k; 2025: $38k-50k (all est. US)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "none hard (early 2024: check VIN)"
},
{
"model_slug": "toyota-tundra",
"model_name": "Toyota Tundra",
"price_usd": "43455",
"price_eur": "not officially sold",
"price_cny": "not officially sold",
"used_price_signal": "2021 V8 carries nostalgia premium; 2022-2023 values sit under a recall shadow",
"nearest_alternative": "Ford F-150 / RAM 1500",
"value_call": "2021 V8 for durability-first buyers; 2022-23 only with full recall paperwork at a discount",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $32k-44k; 2022: $34k-46k; 2023: $37k-49k; 2024: $42k-56k; 2025: $46k-60k (all est. US)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2021",
"years_to_avoid": "2022-2023 without recall documentation"
},
{
"model_slug": "volvo-ex30",
"model_name": "Volvo EX30",
"price_usd": "40345",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "Thin used data; Edmunds bought new 2025 Twin Motor $47,895; US discontinuation depresses resale",
"nearest_alternative": "Hyundai Kona Electric / VW ID.4",
"value_call": "EU/CA: good value used (2024); US: do not buy new 2026 — discontinued, tariff-inflated",
"used_price_by_year": "2024: UNVERIFIED; 2025: new ~$40k+ US; 2026: new (discontinued US after MY2026)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2025 (R10355 battery recall year); new 2026 US (orphan model)"
},
{
"model_slug": "volvo-ex90",
"model_name": "Volvo EX90",
"price_usd": "79995",
"price_eur": "83000",
"price_cny": "",
"used_price_signal": "Thin used market; 2025 stigma may create post-swap bargains",
"nearest_alternative": "Kia EV9",
"value_call": "2026 only (new computer); 2025 only post-swap with paperwork, at a discount",
"used_price_by_year": "2024: thin; 2025: $65-75k; 2026: new only",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026",
"years_to_avoid": "2024-2025 without documented computer replacement"
},
{
"model_slug": "volvo-xc60",
"model_name": "Volvo XC60",
"price_usd": "£46.5k–£68.3k (UK 2025 list: B5 £46.5k / T6 £56k / T8 £68.3k); US B5 ~$51.5k",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "2021 T8 £26k–£32k; 2022 B5 £23.6k–£29.4k; 2023 T6 £26.5k–£31.6k / T8 £31.9k–£38.1k; 2025 used B5 £38.8k–£44k (UK)",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW X3 xDrive30e / Mercedes GLC 300e / Audi Q5 TFSI e",
"value_call": "2023 T6/T8 Recharge 18.8kWh (big battery, bugs fixed, ~45% off list)",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: B5 £22k / T8 £26k–£32k; 2022: B5 £23.6k–£29.4k / T8 £34k; 2023: B5 £29.8k–£38k / T6 £26.5k–£31.6k / T8 £31.9k–£38.1k; 2024: B5 £31.5k / T6 £37k; 2025: used B5 £38.8k–£44k (UK)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "early-2022 (peak AAOS bugs); 2020 T6 (small 11.6kWh battery)"
},
{
"model_slug": "volvo-xc90",
"model_name": "Volvo XC90",
"price_usd": "$61,050-$84,795 new (2026 US, incl. dest)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED (not pulled from aggregators this pass)",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW X5 / Mercedes GLE / Genesis GV80",
"value_call": "Sweet spot is a used 2023 (big-battery T8, Google system debugged, pre-facelift pricing); B6 2021-24 for non-hybrid buyers; don't pay facelift-new money on an 11-year-old platform",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: UNVERIFIED; 2022: UNVERIFIED; 2023: UNVERIFIED; 2024: UNVERIFIED; 2025: $61.1k-$83.4k new (US); 2026: $61.1k-$84.8k new (US)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2016-2017 (first SPA years); 2020 T8 (battery fire recall + 16-month replacement wait case)"
},
{
"model_slug": "vw-atlas",
"model_name": "VW Atlas",
"price_usd": "from $40,785",
"price_eur": "not sold (EU)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED (est ~¥300k-400k, as Teramont)",
"used_price_signal": "est: depreciates faster than Palisade",
"nearest_alternative": "Hyundai Palisade; Honda Pilot",
"value_call": "buy 2025+ or get a Palisade instead",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$21-26k; 2022: ~$23-28k; 2023: ~$26-32k; 2024: ~$30-36k; 2025: ~$34-40k; 2026: new",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2021 (weakest year); 2023 (assist/harness)"
},
{
"model_slug": "vw-golf",
"model_name": "VW Golf (GTI)",
"price_usd": "from $35,865 (S, incl. dest)",
"price_eur": "~€45,000 (GTI; UNVERIFIED)",
"price_cny": "~¥209,000 (GTI; UNVERIFIED)",
"used_price_signal": "Mk7/7.5 manuals hold; Mk8 softer amid quality gripes; used bands: 2021 (Mk7.5) ~$18–25k, 2022 ~$23–28k, 2023 ~$25–30k, 2024 ~$25–31k, 2025 (Mk8.5) ~$30–38k (CarGurus/CarBuzz)",
"nearest_alternative": "Honda Civic Si ($31",
"value_call": "495)",
"used_price_by_year": "2021 (Mk7.5) ~$18-25k; 2022 ~$23-28k; 2023 ~$25-30k; 2024 ~$25-31k; 2025 (Mk8.5) ~$30-38k; 2026 new $35.9-43.8k",
"sweet_spot_year": "2021",
"years_to_avoid": "2022 Mk8 (recall pile-up); early-build 2023 (coolant-hose recall thru Jul 2022 builds)"
},
{
"model_slug": "vw-golf-gti",
"model_name": "VW Golf GTI",
"price_usd": "from $35,865",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED (est €44k-52k)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED (est ~¥230k-260k)",
"used_price_signal": "est: holds well; Mk7.5 commands premium",
"nearest_alternative": "Honda Civic Si; Hyundai Elantra N",
"value_call": "Mk8.5 finally fixed the interface; 2024 is best value",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: Mk7.5 ~$20-25k; 2022: ~$24-29k; 2023: ~$26-31k; 2024: ~$28-33k; 2025: ~$31-37k; 2026: new",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2022 (early software builds)"
},
{
"model_slug": "vw-id-4",
"model_name": "VW ID.4",
"price_usd": "$45,095 MSRP Pro RWD (before destination); new Limited ~$39,995",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "Very steep: 2022 Pro S pitched as good value used; US end-of-life will press values further; running costs: Cheap home charging; tires and out-of-warranty electronics are the risk items",
"nearest_alternative": "UNVERIFIED (not extracted in this cluster's evidence)",
"value_call": "Best value as a used 2024+ or depreciated buy; Limited trim is the new-car value play for commuters",
"used_price_by_year": "US Sep 2026: 2024 avg ~$24.1k (CarGurus); 2022 Pro S high-$20ks/low-$30ks (community); 2021/2023/2025 UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "2021, 2026"
},
{
"model_slug": "vw-id-7",
"model_name": "Volkswagen ID.7",
"price_usd": "n/a (US launch postponed indefinitely)",
"price_eur": "~56995 (Germany base)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "Used GTXs already at 'substantial savings' (heycar UK); EV depreciation curve active",
"nearest_alternative": "Tesla Model 3 Long Range / BMW i5 / Hyundai Ioniq 6",
"value_call": "Buy a used 2024 — first full production year, Tourer+GTX choice, let someone else eat the depreciation; no US-market car exists officially",
"used_price_by_year": "2024: UNVERIFIED (early used cars appearing below new); 2025: UNVERIFIED; 2026: UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024",
"years_to_avoid": "None on reliability grounds (too young); skip any 'US-market' ID.7 listing (gray import or scam until VW launches it)"
},
{
"model_slug": "vw-id-buzz",
"model_name": "Volkswagen ID.Buzz",
"price_usd": "US 2025: ~$59995–70000 (Pro S → 1st Edition AWD); 2026 MY SKIPPED in US",
"price_eur": "EU: on sale since 2022 (SWB/LWB/GTX); exact 2026 pricing UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "not sold in China",
"used_price_signal": "US: leftover new 2025s discounted; used avg UNVERIFIED",
"nearest_alternative": "Kia EV9 (range/price); Chrysler Pacifica Hybrid (the rational minivan)",
"value_call": "BUY discounted leftover new 2025 Pro S RWD — never at sticker; EU alt: used 2023 SWB with current software",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: n/a; 2022: UNVERIFIED (EU launch year); 2023: UNVERIFIED; 2024: UNVERIFIED; 2025: new ~$59995–70000, discounted leftovers; 2026: skipped in US (return planned 2027)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "none structurally — but skip paying sticker/launch pricing; skip any 2025 without documented recall clearance; consider waiting for 2027 US return"
},
{
"model_slug": "vw-jetta",
"model_name": "VW Jetta",
"price_usd": "from $25,270",
"price_eur": "not sold (EU)",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED (est ~¥130k-170k, as Sagitar)",
"used_price_signal": "CarGurus: 2021 avg ~$16k; 2023 $18.2-19.9k; 2024 $19.5-21.6k",
"nearest_alternative": "Honda Civic; Toyota Corolla",
"value_call": "honest value; GLI for fun",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: ~$14-17k; 2022: ~$15-18k; 2023: ~$17-20k; 2024: ~$18-22k; 2025: ~$20-24k; 2026: new",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2025 (fire/cluster recalls); 2021 (infotainment peak)"
},
{
"model_slug": "vw-tiguan",
"model_name": "Volkswagen Tiguan",
"price_usd": "$30,805-$43,085 new (2026, US, per CR)",
"price_eur": "UNVERIFIED",
"price_cny": "UNVERIFIED",
"used_price_signal": "2022 gen2 ~$20k (owner-forum/listing signal, 2026)",
"nearest_alternative": "Toyota RAV4 Hybrid / Mazda CX-50",
"value_call": "Buy a used 2023 gen2 — sorted EA888, stable infotainment, deep depreciation; don't pay new-car money to beta-test 2025 software",
"used_price_by_year": "2021: $17-21k (UNVERIFIED est.); 2022: ~$20k; 2023: $21-25k (UNVERIFIED est.); 2024: $22-27k (UNVERIFIED est.)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2025 (BCM stall recall, first-year gen3 teething); 2018 (first US LWB year)"
},
{
"model_slug": "xpeng-g6",
"model_name": "XPeng G6",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED (not sold US)",
"price_eur": "47600",
"price_cny": "176800",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED (no used market yet)",
"nearest_alternative": "Tesla Model Y / BYD Sealion 7",
"value_call": "Strong hardware value; buy facelift 2025+",
"used_price_by_year": " skip 2023 China-only cars",
"sweet_spot_year": "UNVERIFIED",
"years_to_avoid": "2025"
},
{
"model_slug": "xpeng-g9",
"model_name": "XPeng G9",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED (not sold in US)",
"price_eur": "€57,600 RWD / €61,600 RWD Long Range / €69,600 AWD Long Range (DE, 2024); ~£65,000 AWD (Autocar 2026)",
"price_cny": "309,900 yuan (2022 launch) → 263,900 → 253,900 (2023 repricing)",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED (no established used market)",
"nearest_alternative": "BMW iX (the safe German buy, ~£10k more, slower charging) / Tesla Model Y Long Range (the software buy) / Zeekr 7X (the other Chinese 800V bet, cheaper)",
"value_call": "Priced against the premium establishment and undercuts it while out-charging it - the value case is real; a used 2025 facelift could become the segment bargain",
"used_price_by_year": "2022-2026: UNVERIFIED (no established used market)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2022 (first-year China cars at 309,900 yuan pricing that was undercut 12 months later, oldest software, predates the 5C charging leap)"
},
{
"model_slug": "xpeng-p7",
"model_name": "XPeng P7",
"price_usd": "N/A (not sold in US)",
"price_eur": "New sporty P7 EU pricing/availability UNVERIFIED — do not state; P7+ is €46,600+ in Germany",
"price_cny": "RMB 203,800–301,800 (price structure overhauled 18 March 2026)",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED across all years",
"nearest_alternative": "UNVERIFIED (not extracted in this cluster's evidence)",
"value_call": "China: strong value-per-kW on the facelifted P7i/new P7; EU: effectively not buyable — verify availability; never confuse with the P7+",
"used_price_by_year": "UNVERIFIED across all years",
"sweet_spot_year": "2023",
"years_to_avoid": "2020–2021 (pre-facelift: slower charging; earliest ADAS calibration); verify any listing is not actually a P7+ (different car; P7+ carries the Sep 2025 steering recall)"
},
{
"model_slug": "xpeng-x9",
"model_name": "XPeng X9",
"price_usd": "",
"price_eur": "",
"price_cny": "359800",
"used_price_signal": "2024 launch cars discounted (China) UNVERIFIED",
"nearest_alternative": "Denza D9 / Maxus MIFA 9",
"value_call": "Tech-per-dollar winner vs MPV rivals",
"used_price_by_year": "2024: launch pricing; 2025: light discount UNVERIFIED; 2026: facelift new",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026 (post-recall suspension)",
"years_to_avoid": "2024 (pre-fix air springs)"
},
{
"model_slug": "zeekr-001",
"model_name": "Zeekr 001",
"price_usd": "N/A (not sold in US)",
"price_eur": "€55,300",
"price_cny": "¥269,800 China entry (2026)",
"used_price_signal": "Savage in export markets: 26m to 16m tenge in one year (owner anecdote); weak liquidity; running costs: 900V charging cheap where supported; service access outside official markets is the cost risk",
"nearest_alternative": "UNVERIFIED (not extracted in this cluster's evidence)",
"value_call": "Enormous spec-per-yuan in China; not evaluable as a normal purchase in EU/US - no verified pricing or service footprint",
"used_price_by_year": "China new ¥269,800-329,800 (2026); EU launch €59,490 (2023); used: UNVERIFIED (China/export/EU); anecdote: 26m->16m tenge in 1 yr (export owner)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2024 (China/export)",
"years_to_avoid": "2021, 2022"
},
{
"model_slug": "zeekr-007",
"model_name": "Zeekr 007",
"price_usd": "",
"price_eur": "",
"price_cny": "209900-299900",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED",
"nearest_alternative": "Tesla Model 3 / Xiaomi SU7",
"value_call": "Best EV sedan value in China if you accept the brand risk",
"used_price_by_year": "2024: launch cars depreciated fast (upgrade backlash); 2025: discounted sweet spot UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025 (post-teething, discounted)",
"years_to_avoid": "2024 (launch cars, early software)"
},
{
"model_slug": "zeekr-7x",
"model_name": "Zeekr 7X",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED (not sold in US)",
"price_eur": "€52,990 (Netherlands)",
"price_cny": "229,900-269,900 yuan",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED (no meaningful used market yet - too new)",
"nearest_alternative": "Tesla Model Y Long Range (the default) / Hyundai Ioniq 5 (the safe Korean) / XPeng G9 (the other Chinese 800V play)",
"value_call": "Best hardware-per-dollar in the segment - buy the 2026 car with the debugged software; negotiate hard on new and expect early-adopter depreciation",
"used_price_by_year": "2024-2026: UNVERIFIED (no market yet)",
"sweet_spot_year": "2026",
"years_to_avoid": "2024 (first-year China builds with the launch suspension and ADAS calibration every reviewer flagged)"
},
{
"model_slug": "zeekr-x",
"model_name": "Zeekr X",
"price_usd": "UNVERIFIED (not sold US)",
"price_eur": "38000",
"price_cny": "150000",
"used_price_signal": "UNVERIFIED (no used market yet)",
"nearest_alternative": "Volvo EX30 / smart #1 / XPeng G6",
"value_call": "Premium feel for less; buy 2025 facelift; skip 2023 China first-year cars",
"used_price_by_year": "UNVERIFIED",
"sweet_spot_year": "2025",
"years_to_avoid": "2023"
}
]